ArticleBritish journal of sports medicine2013
Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement.
Article in British journal of sports medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 195 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Myofascial Trigger Points Therapy in Migraine.
Prospective Cohort Study of Athletes Following an Injection of Platelet-Poor Plasma Into an Acute Muscle Injury
Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 592 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inciting Events of Lower-Limb Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Video-Based Studies.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Return-to-Play Criteria Following Lower Limb Muscle Injuries in Soccer: A Systematic Review with Evidence Synthesis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Practice Guidelines for Topical NSAIDs in the Treatment of Sports Injuries.Journal of evidence-based medicine · 2025Guideline
- The impact of N-acetylcysteine on lactate, biomarkers of oxidative stress, immune response, and muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Is hamstrings-to-quadriceps torque ratio useful for predicting anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring injuries? A systematic and critical review.Journal of sport and health science · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Technique on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparison of Two Posterior Chain Strength Training Protocols on Performance and Injury Incidence in Elite Youth Football Players.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Trial
- Effects of muscle fatigue on exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage: a three-armed randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Trial
- The Clinical Benefits of a Dynamic vs. Static Component as Part of a Comprehensive Warm-Up for Recreational Sports Players with Clinical Histories of Hamstring Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Creatine Supplementation Supports the Rehabilitation of Adolescent Fin Swimmers in Tendon Overuse Injury Cases.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2018Trial
- Suture anchor repair of proximal rectus femoris avulsions in elite football players.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2015Trial
- Excellent reliability for MRI grading and prognostic parameters in acute hamstring injuries.British journal of sports medicine · 2014Trial
- MRI observations at return to play of clinically recovered hamstring injuries.British journal of sports medicine · 2014Trial
- [Muscle injuries in sport : High clinical relevance and diagnostic challenges].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Long-Term Injury Patterns and Trends in Elite Professional Football: A Nine-Season Retrospective Analysis of Prospectively Recorded Data.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Imaging characterization of sports-related hamstring injuries.Skeletal radiology · 2026Review
- Imaging characterization and differential diagnosis of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in athletes.Skeletal radiology · 2026Review
- A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Internal Tarsal Stabilization in the Management of Canine Gastrocnemius Myotendinous Lesions.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo provide a clear terminology and classification of muscle injuries in order to facilitate effective communication among medical practitioners and development of systematic treatment strategies.
methodsThirty native English-speaking scientists and team doctors of national and first division professional sports teams were asked to complete a questionnaire on muscle injuries to evaluate the currently used terminology of athletic muscle injury. In addition, a consensus meeting of international sports medicine experts was established to develop practical and scientific definitions of muscle injuries as well as a new and comprehensive classification system.
resultsThe response rate of the survey was 63%. The responses confirmed the marked variability in the use of the terminology relating to muscle injury, with the most obvious inconsistencies for the term strain. In the consensus meeting, practical and systematic terms were defined and established. In addition, a new comprehensive classification system was developed, which differentiates between four types: functional muscle disorders (type 1: overexertion-related and type 2: neuromuscular muscle disorders) describing disorders without macroscopic evidence of fibre tear and structural muscle injuries (type 3: partial tears and type 4: (sub)total tears/tendinous avulsions) with macroscopic evidence of fibre tear, that is, structural damage. Subclassifications are presented for each type.
conclusionsA consistent English terminology as well as a comprehensive classification system for athletic muscle injuries which is proven in the daily practice are presented. This will help to improve clarity of communication for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and can serve as the basis for future comparative studies to address the continued lack of systematic information on muscle injuries in the literature. WHAT ARE THE NEW THINGS: Consensus definitions of the terminology which is used in the field of muscle injuries as well as a new comprehensive classification system which clearly defines types of athletic muscle injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Expert opinion, Level V.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.