ArticleAIDS (London, England)2013
High HIV-1 incidence, correlates of HIV-1 acquisition, and high viral loads following seroconversion among MSM.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 160 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Updated Meta-Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of genital and anorectal chlamydia trachomatis in Kenya by risk groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data.The Lancet. Global health · 2019Pooled it
- Bias Adjustment Techniques Are Underutilized in HIV Sexual Risk Estimation: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Substance Use and HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Africa: A Systematic Review.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Pooled it
- Emerging themes for sensitivity training modules of African healthcare workers attending to men who have sex with men: a systematic review.International health · 2015Pooled it
- Profiling IgG and IgA antibody responses during vaccination and infection in a high-risk gonorrhoea population.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- The Effect of the Shikamana Peer-and-Provider Intervention on Depressive Symptoms, Alcohol Use, and Other Drug Use Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Understanding Adherence to Daily and Intermittent Regimens of Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2015Trial
- World Health Organization-Recommended Periodic Presumptive Treatment Versus Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Sexually Transmitted Infection Control Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Kenya: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Article
- HIV incidence and its associated factors among young adults with multiple sexual partners in Maputo, Mozambique: a vaccine preparedness study.BMC public health · 2024Observational
- Temporal trends and transmission dynamics of pre-treatment HIV-1 drug resistance within and between risk groups in Kenya, 1986-2020.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- High prevalence of vaccine-preventable anal human papillomavirus infections is associated with HIV infection among gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men in Nairobi, Kenya.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Mistrust: Community engagement in global health research in coastal Kenya.Social studies of science · 2023Article
- Exposure to common infections may shape basal immunity and potentially HIV-1 acquisition amongst a high-risk population in Coastal Kenya.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Listening to the Voices of Gay and Bisexual Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya: Recommendations for Improved HIV Prevention Programming.The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan · 2023Article
- Feasibility of conducting HIV prevention trials among key populations in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC public health · 2022Observational
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHIV-1 incidence estimates and correlates of HIV-1 acquisition in African MSM are largely unknown.
methodsSince 2005, HIV-1-uninfected men who reported sex with men and women (MSMW) or sex with men exclusively (MSME) were followed at scheduled visits for collection of behavioural and clinical examination data and plasma for HIV-1 testing. Urethral or rectal secretions were collected from symptomatic men to screen for gonorrhoea. Poisson regression methods were used to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios to explore associations between risk factors and incident HIV-1 infection. Plasma viral loads (PVLs) were assessed over 2 years following seroconversion.
resultsOverall HIV-1 incidence in 449 men was 8.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.7-11.0] per 100 person-years. Incidence was 5.8 (95% CI 4.2-7.9) per 100 person-years among MSMW, and 35.2 (95% CI 23.8-52.1) per 100 person-years among MSME. Unprotected sex, receptive anal intercourse, exclusive sex with men, group sex, and gonorrhoea in the past 6 months were strongly associated with HIV-1 acquisition, adjusted for confounders. PVL in seroconverters was more than 4 log10 copies/ml at 230 (73.4%) of 313 visits in MSMW and 153 (75.0%) of 204 visits in MSME.
conclusionHIV-1 incidence is very high among MSM in coastal Kenya, and many seroconverters maintain high PVL for up to 2 years after infection. Effective HIV-1 prevention interventions, including treatment as prevention, are urgently needed in this population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.