ArticleCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2012
Surgery upregulates high mobility group box-1 and disrupts the blood-brain barrier causing cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.
Article in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Laminin as a Biomarker of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption under Neuroinflammation: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Hippocampal gene expression meta-analysis identifies aging and age-associated spatial learning impairment (ASLI) genes and pathways.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- Role of peripheral inflammatory markers in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD): a meta-analysis.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on delayed neurocognitive recovery in elderly patients.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2022Trial
- BIS-guided deep anesthesia decreases short-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction and peripheral inflammation in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery.Brain and behavior · 2019Trial
- Targeting γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors to mitigate perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a narrative review.British journal of anaesthesia · 2026Review
- Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Perioperative Anesthesia Care: A Clinical Perspective.Anesthesia research · 2026Article
- Review
- Risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction in geriatric trauma: a dual-pathway perspective.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: the multi-target potential of esketamine in modulating microglial responses and synaptic integrity.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Vicious Cycle: Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases.FASEB bioAdvances · 2025Review
- Sirtuin-3 activation by honokiol attenuated anesthesia/surgery-induced cognitive impairment and neuronal ferroptosis via inhibiting mitochondrial GPX4 acetylation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in the Mechanisms of Postoperative Neurocognitive Dysfunction: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Serum amyloid A-mediated neuro-inflammation induces hippocampal neuron apoptosis and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Viral immunological complications in neurological surgery: A comprehensive review of homeostatic disturbances and cognitive impairments.Surgical neurology international · 2025Review
- Microglia in the aged brain develop a hypoactive molecular phenotype after surgery.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- An Amino Acids and Dipeptide Injection Inhibits the TNF-α/HMGB1 Inflammatory Signaling Pathway to Reduce Pyroptosis and M1 Microglial Polarization in POCD Mice: the Gut to the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The potential mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis in postoperative neurocognitive disorders: an in-depth review.Annals of medicine · 2024Review
- Exploring molecular mechanisms of postoperative delirium through multi-omics strategies in plasma exosomes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Postoperative Electroacupuncture Boosts Cognitive Function Recovery after Laparotomy in Mice.Biomolecules · 2024Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimPostoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a growing and largely underestimated problem without defined etiology. Herein, we sought to determine the relationship between cognitive decline, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and inflammation, namely high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), after surgery in aged rats.
methodsAged rats were randomly assigned as surgery group (n = 45, splenectomy under general anesthesia), anesthesia (n = 45, 2% isoflurane for 2 h), and naïve control (n = 15). Markers of inflammation were measured in plasma and brain. Blood-brain barrier ultrastructure and permeability were measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and IgG immunohistochemistry. Cognitive function was assessed in a reversal learning version of the Morris water maze (MWM).
resultsSurgical trauma under general anesthesia caused distinct changes in systemic and central proinflammatory cytokines. Levels of HMGB1 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of operated animals. Immunohistochemistry and TEM showed BBB disruption induced by surgery and anesthesia. These molecular changes were associated with cognitive impairment in latency with the MWM up to postoperative day 3.
conclusionsHMGB1 and RAGE signaling appear pivotal mediators of surgery-induced cognitive decline and may contribute to the changes in BBB permeability after peripheral surgical trauma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.