ArticleBehavioural pharmacology2012
Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist/antagonist in mice.
Article in Behavioural pharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Medical cannabinoids for treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review.Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapyPooled it
- Acute effects of ΔPsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A Clinical Outcomes Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Observational
- Acute cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and their mixture (THC:CBD) exert differential effects on brain activity and blood flow in rats: A translational neuroimaging study.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Synaptic signatures of perinatal cannabinoids: A systematic review of rodent hippocampal synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Review
- CBPharmacological research · 2025Article
- Exploring cannabinoid modulation on autophagy mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Exploring the versatile roles of the endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in modulating bacterial infections.Infection and immunity · 2024Review
- UK Medical Cannabis Registry: Assessment of clinical outcomes in patients with insomnia.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Article
- THC and sperm: Impact on fertilization capability, pre-implantation in vitro development and epigenetic modifications.PloS one · 2024Article
- Effects of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists in male rats discriminating the synthetic cannabinoid AM2201.European journal of pharmacology · 2023Article
- Hippocampal expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in canine epilepsy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Hexahydrocannabinol Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Analysis: The First Evidence for a Recent New Psychoactive Substance.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
- Identification of CB1 Ligands among Drugs, Phytochemicals and Natural-Like Compounds: Virtual Screening and In Vitro Verification.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2022Article
- Review
- Age-related changes in CB1 receptor expression and function and the behavioral effects of cannabinoid receptor ligands.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Article
- Effects of cannabinoid exposure on short-term memory and medial orbitofrontal cortex function and chemistry in adolescent female rhesus macaques.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Therapeutic properties of multi-cannabinoid treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- MD Simulations Revealing Special Activation Mechanism of Cannabinoid Receptor 1.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been characterized as a partial agonist at cannabinoid CB1 receptors in vitro; however, it often produces the same maximum effects in vivo as other cannabinoid agonists. This study was carried out to determine whether THC would antagonize the hypothermic effects of another cannabinoid agonist, AM2389, in mice. Male mice were injected with 1-100 mg/kg THC, 0.01-0.1 mg/kg AM2389, or a combination of 30 mg/kg THC and 0.1-1.0 mg/kg AM2389, and rectal temperature was recorded for up to 12 h after injection. THC reduced the temperature by 5.6°C at a dose of 30 mg/kg; further increases in the dose did not produce larger effects, indicating a plateau in the THC dose-effect function. AM2389 reduced temperature by 9.0°C at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. One hour pretreatment with 30 mg/kg THC attenuated the hypothermic effects of 0.1 mg/kg AM2389; a 10-fold higher dose, 1.0 mg/kg AM2389, was required to further decrease temperature, reflecting a five-fold rightward shift of the lower portion of the AM2389 dose-effect function following THC pretreatment. These results indicate that, in an assay of mouse hypothermia, THC exerts both agonist and antagonist effects following acute administration, and mark the first demonstration of partial agonist/antagonist effects of THC in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.