ArticlePloS one2012
Evidence for a developmental role for TLR4 in learning and memory.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut bacteria and their metabolites may influence our decisions, intelligence, cognition, and consciousness.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Serum TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ketone Supplementation Decreased Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Anxiety-like Behavior in Female WAG/Rij Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- How the gut microbiome shapes learning and memory: A comprehensive review.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Microglia/macrophage-specific deletion of TLR-4 protects against neural effects of diet-induced obesity in a sexually dimorphic manner.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Review
- Decoding mechanisms and protein markers in lung-brain axis.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Spatiotemporal Dysregulation of Neuron-Glia Related Genes and Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory miRNAs in theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Intermittent Metabolic Switching and Vascular Cognitive Impairment.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2024Review
- Article
- The Role of Glia in Addiction: Dopamine as a Modulator of Glial Responses in Addiction.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
- Anxiety-like behavior and microglial activation in the amygdala after acute neuroinflammation induced by microbial neuraminidase.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Precision Exercise Medicine: Sex Specific Differences in Immune and CNS Responses to Physical Activity.Brain plasticity (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Review
- The Influence of Serum Uric Acid on the Brain and Cognitive Dysfunction.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Effects of Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition on spatial memory and cell proliferation in male and female adult and aged mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021Article
- Innate immunity at the crossroads of healthy brain maturation and neurodevelopmental disorders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2021Review
- N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine, a Natural Monosaccharide-Based Glycolipid, Inhibits TLR4 and Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation and Neuropathic Pain in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The Toll Route to Structural Brain Plasticity.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- (+)-Naloxone blocks Toll-like receptor 4 to ameliorate deleterious effects of stress on male mouse behaviors.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Article
- The Role of Immune Factors in Shaping Fetal Neurodevelopment.Annual review of cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play essential roles in innate immunity and increasing evidence indicates that these receptors are expressed in neurons, astrocytes and microglia in the brain where they mediate responses to infection, stress and injury. Very little is known about the roles of TLRs in cognition. To test the hypothesis that TLR4 has a role in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory, we used mice deficient for TLR4 and mice receiving chronic TLR4 antagonist infusion to the lateral ventricles in the brain. We found that developmental TLR4 deficiency enhances spatial reference memory acquisition and memory retention, impairs contextual fear-learning and enhances motor functions, traits that were correlated with CREB up-regulation in the hippocampus. TLR4 antagonist infusion into the cerebral ventricles of adult mice did not affect cognitive behavior, but instead affected anxiety responses. Our findings indicate a developmental role for TLR4 in shaping spatial reference memory, and fear learning and memory. Moreover, we show that central TLR4 inhibition using a TLR4 antagonist has no discernible physiological role in regulating spatial and contextual hippocampus-dependent cognitive behavior.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.