ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2012
Highly active antiretroviral therapy and adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women in Botswana.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 191 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
191 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of maternal HIV infection on birth outcomes among HIV positive women in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with classes of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Perinatal outcomes in women living with HIV-1 and receiving antiretroviral therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with antiretroviral therapy in women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Pooled it
- Antiretroviral therapy for pregnant women living with HIV or hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2017Pooled it
- Association between maternal HIV infection and low birth weight and prematurity: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Pooled it
- Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Pooled it
- Bone Mineral Content, Growth, and Renal Health of Infants With Perinatal Exposure to Maternal Dolutegravir Versus Efavirenz and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Versus Tenofovir Alafenamide: The Randomized IMPAACT 2010 (VESTED) Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Trial
- Vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation for women living with HIV in Tanzania: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2022Trial
- Anti-hypertensive use for non-severe gestational hypertension in Botswana: A case-control study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2022Trial
- Pregnancy Outcomes of Women Conceiving on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Compared to Those Commenced on ART During Pregnancy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Association between HIV antiretroviral therapy and preterm birth based on antenatal ultrasound gestational age determination: a comparative analysis.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Trial
- Risk Factors for Adverse Birth Outcomes in the PROMISE 1077BF/1077FF Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Trial
- Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Who Conceive on Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Timing of Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Risk of Preterm Birth in Studies of HIV-infected Pregnant Women: The Role of Selection Bias.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Trial
- Estradiol Levels Are Altered in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women Randomized to Efavirenz-Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Protective Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying of Insecticide on Preterm Birth Among Pregnant Women With HIV Infection in Uganda: A Secondary Data Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Trial
- Formula-Feeding of HIV-Exposed Uninfected African Children Is Associated with Faster Growth in Length during the First 6 Months of Life in the Kesho Bora Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2017Trial
- Benefits and Risks of Antiretroviral Therapy for Perinatal HIV Prevention.The New England journal of medicine · 2016Trial
131 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is unknown whether adverse birth outcomes are associated with maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pregnancy, particularly in resource-limited settings.
methodsWe abstracted obstetrical records at 6 sites in Botswana for 24 months. Outcomes included stillbirths (SBs), preterm delivery (PTD), small for gestational age (SGA), and neonatal death (NND). Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women, comparisons were limited to HAART exposure status at conception, and those with similar opportunities for outcomes. Comparisons were adjusted for CD4(+) lymphocyte cell count.
resultsOf 33,148 women, 32,113 (97%) were tested for HIV, of whom 9504 (30%) were HIV infected. Maternal HIV was significantly associated with SB, PTD, SGA, and NND. Compared with all other HIV-infected women, those continuing HAART from before pregnancy had higher odds of PTD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 1.4), SGA (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.6, 2.1) and SB (AOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.8). Among women initiating antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy, HAART use (vs zidovudine) was associated with higher odds of PTD (AOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.8), SGA (AOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.9), and SB (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6, 3.9). Low CD4(+) was independently associated with SB and SGA, and maternal hypertension during pregnancy with PTD, SGA, and SB.
conclusionsHAART receipt during pregnancy was associated with increased PTD, SGA, and SB.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.