ArticleThe Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics2012
When does an illness begin: genetic discrimination and disease manifestation.
Article in The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiovascular genetic counselor decision making about discussing life insurance with patients.Journal of genetic counseling · 2025Article
- The Miami Framework for ALS and related neurodegenerative disorders: an integrated view of phenotype and biology.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2024Review
- Direct to Consumer Biomarker Testing for Alzheimer Disease-Are We Ready for the Insurance Consequences?JAMA neurology · 2024Article
- Disease Progression of WHIM Syndrome in an International Cohort of 66 Pediatric and Adult Patients.Journal of clinical immunology · 2022Article
- Preventing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from pre-symptomatic neurodegenerative diseases.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Review
- Confidentiality & the Risk of Genetic Discrimination: What Surgeons Need to Know.Surgical oncology clinics of North America · 2015Review
- Genomic knowledge sharing: A review of the ethical and legal issues.Applied & translational genomics · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) was passed to encourage patients to seek genetic testing that could improve health outcomes and provide opportunities for preventive measures. GINA protects individuals from discrimination based upon genetic information, but not upon manifested diseases and conditions. Because the manifestation of a disease establishes a threshold of protection for individuals under GINA, the definition of manifestation is crucial to understanding the scope of the bill. This paper examines the range of possible legal definitions of disease manifestation and explores the historical struggle that courts have faced when trying to apply these different definitions. Specifically, the paper examines three frameworks that courts have used in the past to interpret the manifestation of a disease; "manifestation as apparent symptoms,""manifestation as patient action," and "manifestation as physician action." We argue that the "manifestation as physician action" is the best framework to utilize in this law generally, but that the definition of manifestation should be read in the light most favorable to a plaintiff in order to achieve the underlying goals of GINA.
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Registered trials
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