ArticleJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2012
CD4+ regulatory and effector/memory T cell subsets profile motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
Article in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 190 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Leukine (Sargramostim) for Parkinson's Disease
Characterizing Biomarkers of Early Parkinson's Disease Progression
Safety, Tolerability and Biomarker Assessments of Leukine (Sargramostim) During Extended Timed Treatment for Parkinson's Disease: A Phase I Pilot Study
Who cites it
190 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 317 citations in OpenAlex.
- The correlation of lymphocyte subsets, natural killer cell, and Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2017Pooled it
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Profiling peripheral immune cells in Parkinson's disease: A scoping review.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Cell-based immunotherapy for neurodegenerative disease: A promising avenue.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Modulating Th17/Treg Balance in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Insights from Natural Compounds and Immunometabolism.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Immune signaling and function in neurodegeneration.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Single-nucleus transcriptomics of an engineered pig model reveals microglia-T cell interactions driving Huntington's disease neurodegeneration.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Constipation Is Linked to Neuroinflammation in Early Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Intestinal inflammation promotes neuroinflammation and PD-associated nigrostriatal pathology independently of LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Revitalizing T cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming T cell exhaustion.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Colostrum extracellular vesicles are neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Immune and metabolic signatures characterise constipation-driven endophenotypes in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Regulatory T cells in homeostasis and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Advanced clinical stage Parkinson's disease is linked to proinflammatory and regulatory blood cell populations.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Exploration and validation of the immune-related genes signatures and potential molecular mechanisms shared between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- Glycosylation in neuroinflammation: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Microglial immune memory in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases: epigenetics, triggers, and therapies.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- The interrelationship between intestinal immune cells and enteric α-synuclein in the progression of Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Dissection of Neurotropic Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Brain Atrophy in Single MHC Class I Mice of C57BL/6 Background.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Role of Cellular Senescence in Parkinson's Disease: Potential for Disease-Modification Through Senotherapy.Biomedicines · 2025Review
130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Animal models and clinical studies have linked the innate and adaptive immune system to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite such progress, the specific immune responses that influence disease progression have eluded investigators. Herein, we assessed relationships between T cell phenotype and function with PD progression. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two separate cohorts, a discovery cohort and a validation cohort, totaling 113 PD patients and 96 age- and environment-matched caregivers were examined by flow cytometric analysis and T cell proliferation assays. Increased effector/memory T cells (Tem), defined as CD45RO+ and FAS+ CD4+ T cells and decreased CD31+ and α4β7+ CD4+ T cells were associated with progressive Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III scores. However, no associations were seen between immune biomarkers and increased age or disease duration. Impaired abilities of regulatory T cells (Treg) from PD patients to suppress effector T cell function was observed. These data support the concept that chronic immune stimulation, notably Tem activation and Treg dysfunction is linked to PD pathobiology and disease severity, but not disease duration. The association of T cell phenotypes with motor symptoms provides fresh avenues for novel biomarkers and therapeutic designs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.