ArticleThe Journal of general virology2013
The human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits influenza A viruses through a mechanism distinct from that of surfactant protein D or defensins.
Article in The Journal of general virology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 204 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D Modulation of the Innate Immune Response to Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens Associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Influenza Vaccine Response and Immune Functions in Deficient Elderly Persons: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Reframing Antimicrobial Peptides beyond Direct Antimicrobial Activity toward Host-Directed Functions and Disease-Specific Therapeutic Applications.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Vitamin D-Induced Antimicrobial Peptides in Combating Viral Infections.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil Dynamics in Viral Infections: Drivers of Inflammation and Targets for Pro-Resolving Therapies.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Review
- Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Next-generation antiviral peptides: AI-driven design, translational delivery platforms, and future therapeutic directions.Virus research · 2025Review
- Exploring the Association of Vitamin D and VDR Polymorphisms with Disease Severity in COVID-19 and Influenza.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is toxic during neonatal murine influenza virus infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Human coronaviruses: activation and antagonism of innate immune responses.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Lung antimicrobial proteins and peptides: from host defense to therapeutic strategies.Physiological reviews · 2024Review
- Pregnancy enhances antiviral immunity independent of type I IFN but dependent on IL-17-producing γδScience advances · 2024Article
- Exploring the Efficacy of Peptides and Mimics against Influenza A Virus, Adenovirus, and Murine Norovirus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Main Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Treatments against COVID-19.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2024Review
- LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Antiviral effect of peptoids on hepatitis B virus infection in cell culture.Antiviral research · 2024Article
- Modified host defence peptide GF19 slows TNT-mediated spread of corneal herpes simplex virus serotype I infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Update on vitamin D role in severe infections and sepsis.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2024Review
- Restraint of VP1 Protein of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus using Specific Antiviral Peptides: anArchives of Razi Institute · 2023Article
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
LL-37, the only human cathelicidin, is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with antibacterial and antifungal activity. LL-37 is released from neutrophil granules and produced by epithelial cells. It has been implicated in host defence against influenza A virus (IAV) in recent studies. We now demonstrate dose-related neutralizing activity of LL-37 against several seasonal and mouse-adapted IAV strains. The ability of LL-37 to inhibit these IAV strains resulted mainly from direct effects on the virus, since pre-incubation of virus with LL-37 was needed for optimal inhibition. LL-37 bound high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and pre-incubation of LL-37 with human serum or HDL reduced its antiviral activity. LL-37 did not inhibit viral association with epithelial cells as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR or confocal microscopy. This finding contrasted with results obtained with surfactant protein D (SP-D). Unlike collectins or human neutrophil defensins (HNPs), LL-37 did not induce viral aggregation under electron microscopy. In the electron microscopy studies, LL-37 appeared to cause disruption of viral membranes. LL-37 had additive antiviral activity when combined with other innate inhibitors like SP-D, surfactant protein A and HNPs. Unlike HNPs, LL-37 did not bind SP-D significantly. These findings indicate that LL-37 contributes to host defence against IAV through a mechanism distinct from that of SP-D and HNPs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.