ArticleParasites & vectors2012
Ixodes scapularis saliva mitigates inflammatory cytokine secretion during Anaplasma phagocytophilum stimulation of immune cells.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analysis of the effects of insect vector saliva on host immune responses and infection of vector-transmitted pathogens: a focus on leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Tick saliva reprograms macrophages into immunosuppressive hubs that regulate T-cell immunity in Rhipicephalus microplus infestation.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Amblyomma cajennense Sensu Stricto (Fabricius, 1787) and Amblyomma sculptum (Berlese, 1888) Tick Saliva Elicit Immune-Modulatory Activity in Isolated Murine Macrophages With an Insight Into Proteomic Analysis.Parasite immunology · 2026Article
- Cytokine pattern during asymptomatic Anaplasma spp. infections and effect of co-infections by malaria and helminths in schoolchildren of Franceville, southeastern Gabon.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract ofFood science and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Complete Remission in Paralytic Late Tick-Borne Neurological Disease Comprising Mixed Involvement ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Alterations in arthropod and neuronal exosomes reduce virus transmission and replication in recipient cells.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2022Article
- The genus Anaplasma: drawing back the curtain on tick-pathogen interactions.Pathogens and disease · 2021Review
- Pattern Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity to Obligate Intracellular Bacteria.Zoonoses (Shannon, Ireland) · 2021Article
- Rhipicephalus microplus serpins interfere with host immune responses by specifically modulating mast cells and lymphocytes.Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2020Article
- Amblyomma americanum ticks utilizes countervailing pro and anti-inflammatory proteins to evade host defense.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Aedes aegypti saliva impairs M1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting M2 polarization of murine macrophages.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Anopheline antiplatelet protein from mosquito saliva regulates blood feeding behavior.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels mediate salivary gland function and blood feeding in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Time to Micromanage the Pathogen-Host-Vector Interface: Considerations for Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2019Review
- Hematobin is a novel immunomodulatory protein from the saliva of the horn fly Haematobia irritans that inhibits the inflammatory response in murine macrophages.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Mosquito Saliva Reshapes Alphavirus Infection and Immunopathogenesis.Journal of virology · 2018Review
- The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Review
- Deviant Behavior: Tick-Borne Pathogens and Inflammasome Signaling.Veterinary sciences · 2016Review
- For Whom the Bell Tolls (and Nods): Spit-acular Saliva.Current tropical medicine reports · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIxodes scapularis saliva enables the transmission of infectious agents to the mammalian host due to its immunomodulatory, anesthetic and anti-coagulant properties. However, how I. scapularis saliva influences host cytokine secretion in the presence of the obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum remains elusive.
methodsBone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and A. phagocytophilum. Cytokine secretion was measured in the presence and absence of I. scapularis saliva. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also stimulated with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α in the presence and absence of I. scapularis saliva and interleukin (IL)-8 was measured.
resultsI. scapularis saliva inhibits inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages during stimulation of Toll-like (TLR) and Nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways. The effect of I. scapularis saliva on immune cells is not restricted to murine macrophages because decreasing levels of interleukin (IL)-8 were observed after TNF-α stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. I. scapularis saliva also mitigates pro-inflammatory cytokine response by murine macrophages during challenge with A. phagocytophilum.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that I. scapularis may inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion during rickettsial transmission at the vector-host interface.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.