ArticleDiabetes2013
Chronic treatment with a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist causes weight loss, reduces insulin resistance, and improves cardiovascular function in diet-induced obese rhesus macaques.
Article in Diabetes, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 224 citations in OpenAlex.
- The melanocortin-4 receptor as target for obesity treatment: a systematic review of emerging pharmacological therapeutic options.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2014Pooled it
- Evaluation of a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R deficiency.Molecular metabolism · 2017Trial
- RM-493, a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, increases resting energy expenditure in obese individuals.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2015Trial
- Rationale of renewed efforts in developing MC4R modulators to treat metabolic disorders.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Cardiometabolic regulation by adipocyte-derived leptin and the brain melanocortin system.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Review
- Recent developments in GPCR signalling in appetite regulation.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Beyond satiety: unraveling the complex roles of POMC neurons in behavior and metabolism.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Dual activation of MC3R and MC4R drives weight loss and reduces food intake in male primates with obesity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The melanocortin receptors as targets for general obesity: contextualizing clinical failures and analyzing future perspectives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Modulating food intake by nasal application of peptides targeting melanocortin 4 receptor and ghrelin receptor systems.Brain communications · 2026Article
- The effect of melanocortin-4 receptor agonist drugs on obesity and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Obesity dysregulates feeding-evoked response dynamics in hypothalamic satiety neurons.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Measuring energy expenditure in Göttingen Minipigs using indirect calorimetry: validation and methodological considerations.Laboratory animal research · 2025Article
- The metabolic and cardiovascular effects of amphetamine are partially mediated by the central melanocortin system.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Setmelanotide: A Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Severe Obesity Due to Hypothalamic Dysfunction.TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Recommended Tool Compounds for the Melanocortin Receptor (MCR) G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs).ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Effective and appropriate use of weight loss medication in pediatric obesity: a narrative review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2024Article
- The melanocortin-4 receptor pathway and the emergence of precision medicine in obesity management.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024Article
- Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is well recognized as an important mediator of body weight homeostasis. Activation of MC4R causes dramatic weight loss in rodent models, and mutations in human are associated with obesity. This makes MC4R a logical target for pharmacological therapy for the treatment of obesity. However, previous studies in rodents and humans have observed a broad array of side effects caused by acute treatment with MC4R agonists, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. We demonstrate that treatment with a highly-selective novel MC4R agonist (BIM-22493 or RM-493) resulted in transient decreases in food intake (35%), with persistent weight loss over 8 weeks of treatment (13.5%) in a diet-induced obese nonhuman primate model. Consistent with weight loss, these animals significantly decreased adiposity and improved glucose tolerance. Importantly, we observed no increases in blood pressure or heart rate with BIM-22493 treatment. In contrast, treatment with LY2112688, an MC4R agonist previously shown to increase blood pressure and heart rate in humans, caused increases in blood pressure and heart rate, while modestly decreasing food intake. These studies demonstrate that distinct melanocortin peptide drugs can have widely different efficacies and side effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.