ReviewInfection and immunity2012
Antivirulence genes: insights into pathogen evolution through gene loss.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wave succession in the pandemic clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus driven by gene loss.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Cross-species transmission ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Genomic characterization of Escherichia coli with a polyketide synthase (pks) island isolated from ulcerative colitis patients.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Exploring roles of the chitinase ChiC in modulatingMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Epistatic interactions between the high pathogenicity island and other iron uptake systems shape Escherichia coli extra-intestinal virulence.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Role of the MDR Efflux Pump AcrAB in Epithelial Cell Invasion byBiomolecules · 2023Article
- Genome analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2022Article
- Reduced and Nonreduced Genomes inmSystems · 2022Article
- Roles of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems in Shigella Virulence.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens: Intriguing Commonalities and Obvious Differences.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Distinct Potentially Adaptive Accumulation of Truncation Mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- The evolutionary history ofMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
- A Secreted Chorismate Mutase fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Comparative Genomic Analyses ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Article
- Large metabolic rewiring from small genomic changes between strains ofJournal of bacteriology · 2021Article
- Cells within cells: Rickettsiales and the obligate intracellular bacterial lifestyle.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2021Review
- The dynamics of evolutionary rescue from a novel pathogen threat in a host metapopulation.Scientific reports · 2021Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens and the exploitation of novel pathogenic niches by bacteria typically require the horizontal transfer of virulence factors and subsequent adaptation--a "fine-tuning" process--for the successful incorporation of these factors into the microbe's genome. The function of newly acquired virulence factors may be hindered by the expression of genes already present in the bacterium. Occasionally, certain genes must be inactivated or deleted for full expression of the pathogen phenotype to occur. These genes are known as antivirulence genes (AVGs). Originally identified in Shigella, AVGs have improved our understanding of pathogen evolution and provided a novel approach to drug and vaccine development. In this review, we revisit the AVG definition and update the list of known AVGs, which now includes genes from pathogens such as Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, and the virulent Francisella tularensis subspecies. AVGs encompass a wide variety of different roles within the microbe, including genes involved in metabolism, biofilm synthesis, lipopolysaccharide modification, and host vasoconstriction. More recently, the use of one of these AVGs (lpxL) as a potential vaccine candidate highlights the practical application of studying AVG inactivation in microbial pathogens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.