ReviewNature reviews. Urology2012
Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development.
Review in Nature reviews. Urology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical practice guidelines for the management of differences of sex development in Japan.Endocrine journal · 2026Guideline
- Congenital aphallia: From embryology to management - a focused minireview.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Clinical practice guidelines for the management of differences of sex development in Japan.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2026Review
- XYGO: proposing a new holistic measure of gender identity and sexual orientation.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- Prevalence of Intersex/Differences in Sex Development and Primary Gonadal Insufficiency in a Pediatric Transgender Population.Transgender health · 2024Article
- Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy in ancient genomes.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Dynamics of HSD17B3 expression in human fetal testis: implications for the role of Sertoli cells in fetal testosterone biosynthesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- The genetics and hormonal basis of human gender identity.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Descriptive Study of Gender Dysphoria and Sexual Behavior in a Disorder of Sex Development Group.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8.International journal of transgender health · 2022Article
- "Good practices" in pediatric clinical care for disorders/differences of sex development.Endocrine · 2021Article
- Endocrine Nurses Society Position Statement on Transgender and Gender Diverse Care.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2021Article
- Clinical Characteristics of 46,XX Males with Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2021Article
- Gender identity: A psychosocial primer for providing care to patients with a disorder/difference of sex development and their families [individualized care for patients with intersex (Disorders/differences of sex development): Part 2].Journal of pediatric urology · 2020Article
- A novel, homozygous mutation inInternational journal of pediatric endocrinology · 2018Article
- The Ethics of Fertility Preservation for Pediatric Patients With Differences (Disorders) of Sex Development.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2017Article
- Disorders of sex development in a developing country: perspectives and outcome of surgical management of 39 cases.Pediatric surgery international · 2015Article
- Gender Dysphoria in Disorders of Sexual Development: Approach and Prevalence in a Single Center.Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric SurgeonsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are estimated to be prevalent in 0.1-2% of the global population, although these figures are unlikely to adequately represent non-white patients as they are largely based on studies performed in Europe and the USA. Possible causes of DSDs include disruptions to gene expression and regulation-processes that are considered essential for the development of testes and ovaries in the embryo. Gender dysphoria generally affects between 8.5-20% of individuals with DSDs, depending on the type of DSD. Patients with simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), as well as those with CAH and severe virilization, are less likely to have psychosexual disorders than patients with other types of DSD. Early surgery seems to be a safe option for most of these patients. Male sex assignment is an appropriate alternative in patients with Prader IV or V DSDs. Patients with 5α-reductase 2 (5α-RD2) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3) deficiencies exhibit the highest rates of gender dysphoria (incidence of up to 63%). Disorders such as ovotesticular DSD and mixed gonadal dysgenesis are relatively rare and it can be difficult to conclusively evaluate patients with these conditions. For all DSDs, it is important that investigators and authors conform to the same nomenclature and definitions to ensure that data can be reliably analysed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.