ArticleBehavioural pharmacology2012
Interactions between Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and heroin: self-administration in rhesus monkeys.
Article in Behavioural pharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabinoid modulation of opioid analgesia and subjective drug effects in healthy humans.Psychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Impact of co-administration of oxycodone and smoked cannabis on analgesia and abuse liability.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Does cannabis use substitute for opioids? A preliminary exploratory survey in opioid maintenance patients.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and THC/CBD mixtures on fentanyl versus food choice in rhesus monkeys.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Translational value of non-human primates in opioid research.Experimental neurology · 2021Review
- Interactions between opioids and cannabinoids: Economic demand for opioid/cannabinoid mixtures.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Effects of opioid/cannabinoid mixtures on impulsivity and memory in rhesus monkeys.Behavioural pharmacology · 2020Article
- Effects of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-018 on abuse-related effects of opioids in rhesus monkeys.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- Long-Lasting Effects of Methocinnamox on Opioid Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2019Article
- Medical Use of Cannabinoids.Drugs · 2018Review
- Ventilatory-depressant effects of opioids alone and in combination with cannabinoids in rhesus monkeys.European journal of pharmacology · 2018Article
- Reinforcing effects of opioid/cannabinoid mixtures in rhesus monkeys responding under a food/drug choice procedure.Psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Effects of morphine/CP55940 mixtures on an impulsive choice task in rhesus monkeys.Behavioural pharmacology · 2018Article
- Antinociceptive effects of mixtures of mu opioid receptor agonists and cannabinoid receptor agonists in rats: Impact of drug and fixed-dose ratio.European journal of pharmacology · 2018Article
- Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Review
- Effect of footshock stress on place conditioning produced by ΔPsychopharmacology · 2017Article
- Behavioral Determinants of Cannabinoid Self-Administration in Old World Monkeys.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Article
- Tripping with Synthetic Cannabinoids ("Spice"): Anecdotal and Experimental Observations in Animals and Man.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2017Review
- Interactions between cannabinoid receptor agonists and mu opioid receptor agonists in rhesus monkeys discriminating fentanyl.European journal of pharmacology · 2016Article
- Combined Treatment with Morphine and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Rhesus Monkeys: Antinociceptive Tolerance and Withdrawal.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor agonist Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhances the antinociceptive effects of µ-opioid receptor agonists, raising the possibility of using a combination of THC and opioids for treating pain. This study examined the effects of noncontingent and contingent administration of THC on intravenous heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Self-administration of different unit doses of heroin (0.0001-0.1 mg/kg/infusion) generated a typical inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. In one experiment (n=4), noncontingent THC (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) dose dependently shifted the heroin dose-response curve downward in three monkeys and slightly leftward in one monkey. In a second experiment (n=4), monkeys could self-administer THC alone (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/infusion), heroin alone, or a mixture of THC and heroin. THC alone did not maintain responding above that obtained with saline; however, increasing the THC dose with heroin dose dependently decreased the number of infusions received and the rate of responding, as compared with data that were obtained with heroin alone. These results indicate that THC does not significantly enhance the positive reinforcing effects of heroin, further supporting the view that combining cannabinoid and opioid receptor agonists (e.g. for treating pain) does not increase, and might decrease, the abuse liability of individual drugs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.