ReviewAmerican journal of infection control2013
Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: a literature review with suggestions for future research.
Review in American journal of infection control, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Pathogens on High-Touch Surfaces in an Arid Megacity: A Longitudinal Molecular Surveillance Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 -producingInfection prevention in practice · 2025Article
- Quantification and Genotyping of Norovirus in Aerosols from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Thailand.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
- Demography, sanitation and previous disease prevalence associate with COVID-19 deaths across Indian States.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Putting the mouth back in the body - the neglected area of dental and oral travel health.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Review
- Hospital toilets and drainage systems as a reservoir for a long-term polyclonal outbreak of clinical infections with multidrug-resistantInfection prevention in practice · 2025Article
- Toothbrush contamination by toilet plumes: A comparative study in Chennai, India.Bioinformation · 2025Article
- Evaluation of an automated far ultraviolet-C light technology for decontamination of surfaces and aerosolized viruses in bathrooms.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Surveillance of norovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and bocavirus in air samples collected from a tertiary care hospital in Thailand.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring toilet plume bioaerosol exposure dynamics in public toilets using a Design of Experiments approach.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Transmission of Viruses from Restroom Use: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Aerosol Transmission of Norovirus.Viruses · 2024Review
- Activity of a foam in preventing rebound of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium-containing droplets generated from the toilet bowl.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Evaluate the safety of a novel photohydrolysis technology used to clean and disinfect indoor air: A murine study.PloS one · 2024Article
- Virus Emissions from Toilet Flushing: Comparing Urine-Diverting to Mix Flush Toilets.ACS ES&T water · 2023Article
- Commercial toilets emit energetic and rapidly spreading aerosol plumes.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Review
- Changes in residents' hygiene awareness and behaviors in public toilets before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hangzhou, China: a two-round cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2022Observational
- Importance of the Precautionary Principle With Regard to the Risk of Exposure to Aerosols Containing Viral Loads of SARS-CoV-2 Present in Feces: In Perspective.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe potential risks associated with "toilet plume" aerosols produced by flush toilets is a subject of continuing study. This review examines the evidence regarding toilet plume bioaerosol generation and infectious disease transmission.
methodsThe peer-reviewed scientific literature was searched to identify articles related to aerosol production during toilet flushing, as well as epidemiologic studies examining the potential role of toilets in infectious disease outbreaks.
resultsThe studies demonstrate that potentially infectious aerosols may be produced in substantial quantities during flushing. Aerosolization can continue through multiple flushes to expose subsequent toilet users. Some of the aerosols desiccate to become droplet nuclei and remain adrift in the air currents. However, no studies have yet clearly demonstrated or refuted toilet plume-related disease transmission, and the significance of the risk remains largely uncharacterized.
conclusionResearch suggests that toilet plume could play a contributory role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Additional research in multiple areas is warranted to assess the risks posed by toilet plume, especially within health care facilities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.