ArticleInnate immunity2013
TLR3 activation efficiency by high or low molecular mass poly I:C.
Article in Innate immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A mouse model to study persistent fatigue.Research square · 2026Article
- Mygalin reduces inflammation by targeting TLR3 signaling pathway in macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Activation of cytosolic DNA sensing in NCM460 intestinal epithelial cells induces antiviral factors that restrict HIV infection in macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Synthetic double-stranded RNA in antiviral immunity and vaccine adjuvant: insights into poly(I:C) and poly(A:U).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development of siRNAs targeting interferon beta as a novel therapeutic approach for adult and juvenile dermatomyositis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Toll like receptor agonist effects on human CD8+ T cell activation and expression of T cell checkpoint receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Tau Hypophosphorylation at Ser416 as the Early Molecular Imprint of Maternal Immune Activation: Insights from Female Mice Offspring.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review of poly(I: C) as a Tool for Investigating Astrocytic TLR3 Signaling.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Interferon-induced ADP-ribosylation: technical developments driving ICAB discovery.Bioscience reports · 2025Review
- Combining RNA Interference and RIG-I Activation to Inhibit Hepatitis E Virus Replication.Viruses · 2024Article
- LINC01002 functions as a ceRNA to regulate FRMD8 by sponging miR-4324 for the development of COVID-19.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulation Empowers Poly(I:C) to Activate Cytoplasmic RLRs and Thereby Increases Its Adjuvanticity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in TRIF-Dependent Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Bronchial Epithelial Cells against Viral Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- TLR3 forms a laterally aligned multimeric complex along double-stranded RNA for efficient signal transduction.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Effects ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Primary Cortical Cell Tri-Culture-Based Screening of Neuroinflammatory Response in Toll-like Receptor Activation.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a critical role in initiating type I IFN-mediated innate immunity against viral infections. TLR3 recognizes various forms of double stranded (ds) RNA, including viral dsRNA and a synthetic mimic of dsRNA, poly I:C, which has been used extensively as a TLR3 ligand to induce antiviral immunity. The activation efficiency of TLR3 by poly I:C is influenced by various factors, including size of the ligands, delivery methods and cell types. In this study, we examined the stimulatory effect of two commercially-available poly I:Cs [high molecular mass (HMM) and low molecular mass (LMM)] on TLR3 activation in various human cell types by determining the induction of type I and type III IFNs, as well as the antiviral effect. We demonstrated that the direct addition of both HMM- and LMM-poly I:C to the cultures of primary macrophages or a neuroplastoma cell line could activate TLR3. However, the transfection of poly I:C was necessary to induce TLR3 activation in other cell types studied. In all the cell lines tested, the efficiency of TLR3 activation by HMM-poly I:C was significantly higher than that by LMM-poly I:C. These observations indicate the importance and necessity of developing effective TLR3 ligands for antiviral therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.