ArticleDevelopment (Cambridge, England)2012
Age-related changes in expression and function of Toll-like receptors in human skin.
Article in Development (Cambridge, England), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infant skin maturation: Preliminary outcomes for color and biomechanical properties.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2017Trial
- Modification of the dermal matrix by senescence associated lipids and its functional consequence.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Susceptibility to BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in children undergoing allogeneic transplant.Haematologica · 2025Article
- Aging Selectively Alters PRR and ISG Expression in Endo- and Ecto-Cervical Stromal Fibroblasts From the Human Female Reproductive Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- Early life host-microbe interactions in skin.Cell host & microbe · 2022Review
- SOX9 in Keratinocytes Regulates Claudin 2 Transcription during Skin Aging.Contrast media & molecular imaging · 2022Article
- The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.Aging cell · 2021Review
- Nod-Like Receptors in Host Defence and Disease at the Epidermal Barrier.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Inflammatory Molecules Associated with Ultraviolet Radiation-Mediated Skin Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases.EXCLI journal · 2021Review
- Host Factors of Favorable Intestinal Microbial Colonization.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Skin Viral Infections: Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and Viral Immune Evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- The anticancer activity of visnagin, isolated from Ammi visnaga L., against the human malignant melanoma cell lines, HT 144.Molecular biology reports · 2019Article
- Epicutaneous administration of the pattern recognition receptor agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid activates the MDA5/MAVS pathway in Langerhans cells.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2018Article
- The immunology of atopic dermatitis and its reversibility with broad-spectrum and targeted therapies.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2017Review
- Postnatal Innate Immune Development: From Birth to Adulthood.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The Skin as a Route of Allergen Exposure: Part I. Immune Components and Mechanisms.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2017Review
- The Skin as a Route of Allergen Exposure: Part II. Allergens and Role of the Microbiome and Environmental Exposures.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2017Review
- Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of porcine Toll-like receptors at different ages in germ-free and conventional pigs.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2016Article
- Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate innate immune responses and direct subsequent adaptive immunity. They play a major role in cutaneous host defense against micro-organisms and in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory skin diseases. To understand the role of TLRs in the acquisition of immunological competence, we conducted a comprehensive study to evaluate TLR expression and function in the developing human skin before and after birth and compared it with adults. We found that prenatal skin already expresses the same spectrum of TLRs as adult skin. Strikingly, many TLRs were significantly higher expressed in prenatal (TLRs 1-5) and infant and child (TLRs 1 and 3) skin than in adult skin. Surprisingly, neither dendritic cell precursors in prenatal skin nor epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in adult skin expressed TLRs 3 and 6, whereas the staining pattern and intensity of both TLRs in fetal basal keratinocytes was almost comparable to those of adults. Stimulation of primary human keratinocytes from fetal, neonatal and adult donors with selected TLR agonists revealed that the synthetic TLR3 ligand poly (I:C) specifically, mimicking viral double-stranded RNA, induced a significantly enhanced secretion of CXCL8/IL8, CXCL10/IP-10 and TNFα in fetal and neonatal keratinocytes compared with adult keratinocytes. This study demonstrates quantitative age-specific modifications in TLR expression and innate skin immune reactivity in response to TLR activation. Thus, antiviral innate immunity already in prenatal skin may contribute to protect the developing human body from viral infections in utero in a scenario where the adaptive immune system is not yet fully functional.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.