SynthesisThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2013
Coordinated analysis of age, sex, and education effects on change in MMSE scores.
Synthesis in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Coordinated data analysis: Knowledge accumulation in lifespan developmental psychology.Psychology and aging · 2022Pooled it
- The Importance of Engaging in Physical Activity in Older Adulthood for Transitions Between Cognitive Status Categories and Death: A Coordinated Analysis of 14 Longitudinal Studies.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2021Pooled it
- A Coordinated Multi-study Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Determinants of cognitive performance and decline in 20 diverse ethno-regional groups: A COSMIC collaboration cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Validity and usability for digital cognitive assessment tools to screen for mild cognitive impairment: a randomized crossover trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Does targeted cognitive training reduce educational disparities in cognitive function among cognitively normal older adults?International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2016Trial
- Observational
- Article
- Prediction of Mini-Mental State Examination Scores for Cognitive Impairment and Machine Learning Analysis of Oral Health and Demographic Data Among Individuals Older Than 60 Years: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- Moderating role of triglycerides in the relationship between amyloid-β, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Blood Uric Acid in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Older Chinese Adults.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Estimation of the Cognitive Functioning of the Elderly by AI Agents: A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of the Psychological Burden of Intervention.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Inequalities in accelerated cognitive decline: Resolving observational window bias using nested non-linear regression.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- A Comparison of Item Characteristics and Test Information Between the K-MMSE~2:SV and K-MMSE.Dementia and neurocognitive disorders · 2024Article
- Article
- The Influence of Age, Gender and Education on Neuropsychological Test Scores: Updated Clinical Norms for Five Widely Used Cognitive Assessments.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Cost-effectiveness models for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: IPECAD modeling workshop cross-comparison challenge.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic and Contextual Differentials in Memory Decline: A Cross-Country Investigation Between England and China.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- Age-Related Performance in Using a Fully Immersive and Automated Virtual Reality System to Assess Cognitive Function.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe describe and compare the expected performance trajectories of older adults on the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) across six independent studies from four countries in the context of a collaborative network of longitudinal studies of aging. A coordinated analysis approach is used to compare patterns of change conditional on sample composition differences related to age, sex, and education. Such coordination accelerates evaluation of particular hypotheses. In particular, we focus on the effect of educational attainment on cognitive decline.
methodRegular and Tobit mixed models were fit to MMSE scores from each study separately. The effects of age, sex, and education were examined based on more than one centering point.
resultsFindings were relatively consistent across studies. On average, MMSE scores were lower for older individuals and declined over time. Education predicted MMSE score, but, with two exceptions, was not associated with decline in MMSE over time.
conclusionA straightforward association between educational attainment and rate of cognitive decline was not supported. Thoughtful consideration is needed when synthesizing evidence across studies, as methodologies adopted and sample characteristics, such as educational attainment, invariably differ.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.