ReviewJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2012
Sex differences in stroke.
Review in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic and Prognostic Implications.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Recovery after Acquired Brain Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review.Neural plasticity · 2015Pooled it
- Exploring threats to generalisability in a large international rehabilitation trial (AVERT).BMJ open · 2015Trial
- Correlation of the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with the severity of acute ischemic stroke.eNeurologicalSci · 2026Article
- Trends and Disparities in Mortality With Stroke as the Underlying Cause and Heart Failure as a Contributing Condition in the United States, 1999-2023.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- The bone-cerebrovascular axis: effects of bone aging on neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Cerebrovascular Disease-Related Mortality Trends Among Adults in the United States: A Retrospective Population-Based Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Trends of Major Cerebrovascular Procedures After Mechanical Thrombectomy Implementation: A Nationwide Observational Study in Germany (2015-2023).Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: a contemporary nationwide registry and prospective cohort analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2025Article
- The effect of cinnamon bark oil in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced cerebral ıischemia model in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Different change patterns and sex difference for stroke and its subtypes mortality attributable to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Retinoid-X-Receptor as a Mediator of Poststroke Recovery by Reversing Age-Associated Phenotypes of Microglia/Hematogenous Macrophages.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Ischemic stroke increases levels of the folate receptor and one-carbon enzymes in male and female brain tissue.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex-Specific Adaptations in Alzheimer's Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Study in Male and Female APPLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gender-Based Differences in Stroke Types and Risk Factors Among Young Adults: A Comparative Retrospective Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The relationship between CALLY index and stroke in hypertensive patients: insights from NHANES.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Clinical and neuroimaging insights into childhood arterial ischemic stroke of different ages.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Trends in nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage-related mortality among young adult (15-64 years) population in the United States, 1999-2022.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Csf1Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences in stroke are observed across epidemiologic studies, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes. These sex differences have profound implications for effective prevention and treatment and are the focus of this review. Epidemiologic studies reveal a clear age-by-sex interaction in stroke prevalence, incidence, and mortality. While premenopausal women experience fewer strokes than men of comparable age, stroke rates increase among postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men. This postmenopausal phenomenon, in combination with living longer, are reasons for women being older at stroke onset and suffering more severe strokes. Thus, a primary focus of stroke prevention has been based on sex steroid hormone-dependent mechanisms. Sex hormones affect different (patho)physiologic functions of the cerebral circulation. Clarifying the impact of sex hormones on cerebral vasculature using suitable animal models is essential to elucidate male-female differences in stroke pathophysiology and development of sex-specific treatments. Much remains to be learned about sex differences in stroke as anatomic and genetic factors may also contribute, revealing its multifactorial nature. In addition, the aftermath of stroke appears to be more adverse in women than in men, again based on older age at stroke onset, longer prehospital delays, and potentially, differences in treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.