ArticlePloS one2012
Patterns and possible roles of LINE-1 methylation changes in smoke-exposed epithelia.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Article
- DNA Methylation of iNOS, eNOS, TP53 and LINE-1 in Gingival Tissues of Cigarette Smokers, Heat-Not-Burn Smokers and Never Smokers: An Exploratory Study.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Article
- Altered Methylation Levels in LINE-1 in Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Osteoblasts.International dental journal · 2025Article
- Deciphering lung adenocarcinoma evolution and the role of LINE-1 retrotransposition.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Untapped Biomarker Potential of MicroRNAs for Health Risk-Benefit Analysis of Vaping vs. Smoking.Cells · 2024Review
- Exploring the Utility of Long Non-Coding RNAs for Assessing the Health Consequences of Vaping.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- LINE-1 and Alu Methylation in hrHPV-Associated Precancerous Cervical Samples.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Robust expression of LINE-1 retrotransposon encoded proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma.BMC cancer · 2021Observational
- Review
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet partially mediates socioeconomic differences in leukocyte LINE-1 methylation: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Italian women.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Methamphetamine (MA) Use Induces Specific Changes in LINE-1 Partial Methylation Patterns, Which Are Associated with MA-Induced Paranoia: a Multivariate and Neuronal Network Study.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Article
- Genome-wide hypomethylation of LINE-1 and Alu retroelements in cell-free DNA of blood is an epigenetic biomarker of human aging.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2018Article
- Tobacco and alcohol-induced epigenetic changes in oral carcinoma.Current opinion in oncology · 2018Review
- Article
- Novel insights into epigenetic drivers of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: role of HPV and lifestyle factors.Clinical epigenetics · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and reduced methylation of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) are crucial in oral carcinogenesis. 5'UTR of human LINE-1 sequence contains several CpG dinucleotides which are methylated in various proportions (0-100%). Methylation levels of many LINE-1s in cancer were reduced, hypomethylated. The hypomethylation of each LINE-1 locus can promote instability of genome and repress expression of a gene located on that same chromosome. This study investigated if cigarette smoking influences LINE-1 methylation of oral mucosal cells. The methylation of human LINE-1 in clinically normal oral mucosa of current smokers was compared to non-smokers. By using the combined bisulphite restriction analysis, each LINE-1 sequence was categorised into 4 patterns depending on the methylation status and location of the two 18-bp successive CpG from 5' to 3' including (m)C(m)C, (u)C(u)C, (m)C(u)C and (u)C(m)C. Of these, (m)C and (u)C represent methylated and unmethylated CpG, respectively. The DNA bisulphite sequence demonstrated that most CpGs of (m)C(m)C and (u)C(u)C were methylated and unmethylated, respectively. Nevertheless, some CpGs of each (m)C(u)C or (u)C(m)C allele were methylated. Imaging of the digestion products was used to generate %methylation value. No significant difference in the overall LINE-1 methylation level but the differences in percentages of some methylation patterns were discovered. The %(m)C(m)C and %(u)C(u)C increased, while the %(m)C(u)C decreased in current smokers (p = 0.002, 0.015, and <0.0001, respectively). Additionally, the lower %(m)C(u)C still persisted in persons who had stopped smoking for over 1 year (p = 0.001). The %(m)C(u)C also decreased in the higher pack-year smokers (p = 0.028). Smoking possibly altered (m)C(u)C to (m)C(m)C and (u)C(u)C forms, and changes (u)C(m)C to (u)C(u)C forms. In conclusion, smoking changes methylation levels of partial methylated LINE-1s and increased the number of hypo- and hypermethylated loci. These hypomethylated LINE-1s may possess carcinogenesis potential. Moreover, LINE-1 methylation patterns may be useful for monitoring oral carcinogenesis in smokers.
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