ReviewMarine drugs2012
Sea anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) toxins: an overview.
Review in Marine drugs, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 220 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diversity and Bioprospection of Functional Proteins from Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Equinatoxin II: How a Cationic Pore-Forming Sea Anemone Toxin Drives Nodal Swelling of Myelinated Nerve Fibers.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Marine Biotoxins as Potential Nematocide: Impact of Cassiopea andromeda Venom Against Acute and Chronic Trichinellosis in Murine model.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Article
- A large intraplate hydrogen-rich hydrothermal system driven by serpentinization in the western Pacific: Kunlun.Science advances · 2025Article
- Anthozoan Chemical Defenses: Integrating Compounds, Enzymatic Activities, and Omics-Based Discoveries.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Transcriptomics-driven exploration of genetic variation and peptide discovery in the sea anemones Anthopleura midori and Actinia equina.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Active provisioning of food to host sea anemones by anemonefish.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Proteomic Diversity of the Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Cnidarian toxins: omics approaches and recombinant proteins.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Structural biology and molecular pharmacology of voltage-gated ion channels.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2024Review
- Proteomic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Nematocyst Extract of the HydrozoanMarine drugs · 2024Article
- Effect of Crude Extract from the Sea AnemonePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Jellyfish Stings: A Review of Skin Symptoms, Pathophysiology, and Management.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- Diversity analysis of sea anemone peptide toxins in different tissues of Heteractis crispa based on transcriptomics.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Comparative Analysis of the Venom System between Two Morphotypes of the Sea AnemoneAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Towards the Exploration and Evolution of Insulin-like Venoms in Actiniaria (Marine drugs · 2024Review
- Synthesis and Hypoglycemic Effect of Insulin from the Venom of Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2024Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Cnidaria phylum includes organisms that are among the most venomous animals. The Anthozoa class includes sea anemones, hard corals, soft corals and sea pens. The composition of cnidarian venoms is not known in detail, but they appear to contain a variety of compounds. Currently around 250 of those compounds have been identified (peptides, proteins, enzymes and proteinase inhibitors) and non-proteinaceous substances (purines, quaternary ammonium compounds, biogenic amines and betaines), but very few genes encoding toxins were described and only a few related protein three-dimensional structures are available. Toxins are used for prey acquisition, but also to deter potential predators (with neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity effects) and even to fight territorial disputes. Cnidaria toxins have been identified on the nematocysts located on the tentacles, acrorhagi and acontia, and in the mucous coat that covers the animal body. Sea anemone toxins comprise mainly proteins and peptides that are cytolytic or neurotoxic with its potency varying with the structure and site of action and are efficient in targeting different animals, such as insects, crustaceans and vertebrates. Sea anemones toxins include voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels toxins, acid-sensing ion channel toxins, Cytolysins, toxins with Kunitz-type protease inhibitors activity and toxins with Phospholipase A2 activity. In this review we assessed the phylogentic relationships of sea anemone toxins, characterized such toxins, the genes encoding them and the toxins three-dimensional structures, further providing a state-of-the-art description of the procedures involved in the isolation and purification of bioactive toxins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.