ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2012
Form and function of the M4 cell, an intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell type contributing to geniculocortical vision.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 155 papers.
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Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- The Diverse Role of ipRGCs in Visual Perception Beyond Non-Image-Forming Functions.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Projection targeting with phototagging to study the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Bipolar cell networks underlying steady-state intensity encoding in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.iScience · 2026Article
- Bright Light Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Clinical Procedures and Evidence.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tbr2-dependent parallel pathways regulate the development of distinct ipRGC subtypes.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Differentiation timing-dependent axon targeting and subtype specification in retinal ganglion cells.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Retinal Origins of Circadian Photoregulation's Specialized Dynamic Range and Temporal Integration.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Optic nerve injury impairs intrinsic mechanisms underlying electrical activity in a resilient retinal ganglion cell.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Limited transmission of mixed convergent signals at the mouse retinogeniculate synapse.Neuron · 2025Article
- Article
- Task-specific regional circuit adaptations in distinct mouse retinal ganglion cells.Science advances · 2025Article
- Altered proportions of retinal cell types and distinct visual codes in rodents occupying divergent ecological niches.Current biology : CB · 2025Article
- Spatial distribution and functional integration of displaced retinal ganglion cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Light-eye-body axis: exploring the network from retinal illumination to systemic regulation.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Specific retinal neurons regulate context-dependent defensive responses to visual threat.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Defining spatial nonuniformities of all ipRGC types using an improved Opn4Cell reports methods · 2024Article
- Reconfiguration of the visual code and retinal cell type complement in closely related diurnal and nocturnal mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Prefrontal cortex neurons encode ambient light intensity differentially across regions and layers.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Flp-recombinase mouse line for genetic manipulation of ipRGCs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The photopigment melanopsin confers photosensitivity upon a minority of retinal output neurons. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are more diverse than once believed, comprising five morphologically distinct types, M1 through M5. Here, in mouse retina, we provide the first in-depth characterization of M4 cells, including their structure, function, and central projections. M4 cells apparently correspond to ON α cells of earlier reports, and are easily distinguished from other ipRGCs by their very large somata. Their dendritic arbors are more radiate and highly branched than those of M1, M2, or M3 cells. The melanopsin-based intrinsic photocurrents of M4 cells are smaller than those of M1 and M2 cells, presumably because melanopsin is more weakly expressed; we can detect it immunohistochemically only with strong amplification. Like M2 cells, M4 cells exhibit robust, sustained, synaptically driven ON responses and dendritic stratification in the ON sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. However, their stratification patterns are subtly different, with M4 dendrites positioned just distal to those of M2 cells and just proximal to the ON cholinergic band. M4 receptive fields are large, with an ON center, antagonistic OFF surround and nonlinear spatial summation. Their synaptically driven photoresponses lack direction selectivity and show higher ultraviolet sensitivity in the ventral retina than in the dorsal retina, echoing the topographic gradient in S- and M-cone opsin expression. M4 cells are readily labeled by retrograde transport from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and thus likely contribute to the pattern vision that persists in mice lacking functional rods and cones.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.