ArticleBioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology2012
Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases.
Article in BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 294 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns and characteristics of cranial nerve neuropathy in West Nile virus infection: a systematic review of cases reported globally.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and influencing factors of concomitant and sequential administration of viral respiratory infectious disease vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Carriers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public healthPooled it
- Association of serum cytokines with oral HPV clearance.Cytokine · 2016Trial
- Article
- Environmental drivers of low vaccine responsiveness in a lab-to-wild rodent model.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the long-term tolerability of BNT162b2 in children and adolescents.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal cancers in women: The role of sex hormones.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Rehabilitation status and preference for medical choice behaviours of long COVID-19 in China: a national cross-sectional study and discrete choice experiment.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Alloimmunity and Other Immunological Considerations in Organ Transplantation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Reevaluating the economic impact of bovine leukemia virus in beef production: No association between infection and carcass weight in Japanese Black cattle.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Roles of sex and SP-A genetic variants in modulating multiorgan injuries post viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Acquired tick resistance inInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Biological sex impacts immune cell proportions and epigenetic profiles in the developing pediatric immune system.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of viruses, but also contributes to increased development of immunopathology. In response to viral vaccines, females mount higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load differs between the sexes, and the adverse reactions to antiviral drugs are typically greater in females than males. Several variables should be considered when evaluating male/female differences in responses to viral infection and treatment: these include hormones, genes, and gender-specific factors related to access to, and compliance with, treatment. Knowledge that the sexes differ in their responses to viruses and to treatments for viral diseases should influence the recommended course of action differently for males and females. Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays X-chromosome-located microRNAs in immunity: Might they explain male/female differences Abstract.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.