ArticlePediatrics2012
Antibiotic exposure and IBD development among children: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Pediatrics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 222 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 437 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of childhood exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent risk of IBD.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Early life antibiotics and childhood gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review.BMJ paediatrics open · 2021Pooled it
- Role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: a critical review.International journal of colorectal disease · 2019Pooled it
- Association of Diagnostic Criteria With Urinary Tract Infection Prevalence in Bronchiolitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Systematic review with meta-analysis: breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2017Pooled it
- 7-days versus 14-days antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated culture proven neonatal sepsis: a randomized control assessor-blinded trial.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Sepsis and Antibiotics in Extremely Preterm Infants: Early Empirical Treatment Was Common, While Late-Onset Sepsis Accounted for Most Cases and Antibiotic Use.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Ulcerative colitis: from molecular pathophysiology to management and the emerging role of natural and pharmacological drug candidates.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Class-Specific Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Microbiome Disruption, Risk, and Recovery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early growth restriction disrupts mice intestinal clock and homeostasis without being prevented by lactoferrin.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis: risks and strategies for mitigation.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Dual human milk oligosaccharide-fibre utilisation is a selection cue for the weaning gut microbiome.Nature communications · 2026Observational
- Early-Life Iron Exposure Influences Long-Term Gut Microbiota Recovery After Intestinal Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Pre-Diagnosis Dietary Pattern Differences in Australian Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Exposure Across Ethnicities.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Associations between early life exposure to parvovirus and antibiotic treatment and the occurrence and severity of later chronic enteropathy in dogs.The Veterinary record · 2026Article
- Maternal diet-induced hypercholanemia alters gut microbiota and metabolome in adult female Western diet-fed offspring.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Maternal-fetal dialogue and immunological programming: from fetal development to long-term health outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The AMP-antibiotic-microbiota triad in IBD: a mechanistic framework for dysregulated antimicrobial defense.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether childhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
methodsThis retrospective cohort study employed data from 464 UK ambulatory practices participating in The Health Improvement Network. All children with ≥ 2 years of follow-up from 1994 to 2009 were followed between practice enrollment and IBD development, practice deregistration, 19 years of age, or death; those with previous IBD were excluded. All antibiotic prescriptions were captured. Antianaerobic antibiotic agents were defined as penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, clindamycin, metronidazole, cefoxitin, carbapenems, and oral vancomycin.
resultsA total of 1072426 subjects contributed 6.6 million person-years of follow-up; 748 developed IBD. IBD incidence rates among antianaerobic antibiotic unexposed and exposed subjects were 0.83 and 1.52/10000 person-years, respectively, for an 84% relative risk increase. Exposure throughout childhood was associated with developing IBD, but this relationship decreased with increasing age at exposure. Exposure before 1 year of age had an adjusted hazard ratio of 5.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66-18.28) but decreased to 2.62 (95% CI: 1.61-4.25) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.35-1.84) by 5 and 15 years, respectively. Each antibiotic course increased the IBD hazard by 6% (4%-8%). A dose-response effect existed, with receipt of >2 antibiotic courses more highly associated with IBD development than receipt of 1 to 2 courses, with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.77 (95% CI: 2.13-10.68) versus 3.33 (95% CI: 1.69-6.58).
conclusionsChildhood antianaerobic antibiotic exposure is associated with IBD development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.