Trial reportJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2012
Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
Trial report in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 60 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endogenous Circulating Sex Hormone Concentrations and Colon Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2021Pooled it
- Survivorship, Version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN · 2017Guideline
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- CYP24A1 variant modifies the association between use of oestrogen plus progestogen therapy and colorectal cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2016Pooled it
- Estrogen Plus Progestin and Colorectal Cancer: Long-Term Findings From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Trial
- Unravelling the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on colorectal cancer: a prognostic role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Steroid hormone-induced wingless ligands tune female intestinal size in Drosophila.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The global epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancer burden attributable to dietary risks: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- A new clinical model for predicting lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer.International journal of colorectal disease · 2024Article
- Sex differences in colonic gene expression and fecal microbiota composition in a mouse model of obesity-associated colorectal cancer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- The increased risk of colorectal cancer in the women who underwent hysterectomy from the South Korean National Health Insurance Database.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- The association between prescription drugs and colorectal cancer prognosis: a nationwide cohort study using a medication-wide association study.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Preclinical Evidence of Progesterone as a New Pharmacological Strategy in Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cell Lines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk - A meta-analysis and systematic review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Review
- Estrogen concentration and estrogen receptor-β expression in postmenopausal colon cancer considering patient/tumor background.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Hormone replacement therapy in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in women by BMI: a multicentre study with propensity score matching.International journal of clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Predictors of CRC Stage at Diagnosis among Male and Female Adults Participating in a Prospective Cohort Study: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDuring the intervention phase in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial, use of estrogen plus progestin reduced the colorectal cancer diagnosis rate, but the cancers were found at a substantially higher stage. To assess the clinical relevance of the findings, analyses of the influence of combined hormone therapy on colorectal cancer incidence and colorectal cancer mortality were conducted after extended follow-up. PATIENTS AND
methodsThe WHI study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 16,608 postmenopausal women with an intact uterus who were randomly assigned to daily 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 8,506) or matching placebo (n = 8,102). Colorectal cancer diagnosis rates and colorectal cancer mortality were assessed.
resultsAfter a mean of 5.6 years (standard deviation [SD], 1.03 years) of intervention and 11.6 years (SD, 3.1 years) of total follow-up, fewer colorectal cancers were diagnosed in the combined hormone therapy group compared with the placebo group (diagnoses/year, 0.12% v 0.16%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.94; P = .014). Bowel screening examinations were comparable between groups throughout. Cancers in the combined hormone therapy group more commonly had positive lymph nodes (50.5% v 28.6%; P < .001) and were at higher stage (regional or distant, 68.8% v 51.4%; P = .003). Although not statistically significant, there was a higher number of colorectal cancer deaths in the combined hormone therapy group (37 v 27 deaths; 0.04% v 0.03%; HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.11; P = .320).
conclusionThe findings, suggestive of diagnostic delay, do not support a clinically meaningful benefit for combined hormone therapy on colorectal cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.