ArticleTechnology and innovation2012
EVALUATION OF HOW CIGARETTE SMOKE IS A DIRECT RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.
Article in Technology and innovation, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2014Pooled it
- The synergistic interplay between vitamin A, dietary fiber, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: a potential mechanism for preventing Alzheimer's disease.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Alzheimer's Disease, and the MIND Diet: A Narrative Review from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A Genome-wide study on the genetic and causal effects of smoking in neurodegeneration.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Engagement in Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Dementia Risk.Journal of aging and health · 2025Article
- The brain structure underlying the nonlinear association between early-life tobacco smoke exposure and the risk for cognitive decline and dementia in adulthood: a large prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Global burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to smoking in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021.PloS one · 2025Article
- Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Urinary tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and cognitive functioning in older adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Review
- Microglia Activation and Gene Expression Alteration of Neurotrophins in the Hippocampus Following Early-Life Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosols in a Murine Model.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2018Article
- Targeting Neuroinflammation to Treat Alzheimer's Disease.CNS drugs · 2017Review
- Pathophysiologic relationship between Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk: A review and synthesis.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2017Review
- Cigarette smoking behaviour and blood metabolomics.International journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Dietary Intake of Nutrients and Lifestyle Affect the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Chinese Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2016Article
- History of cigarette smoking in cognitively-normal elders is associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of oxidative stress.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathological hallmark of which is amyloid-β (Aβ) brain deposits. We found the adjusted risk of AD was significantly increased among medium level smokers (RR = 2.56; 95% CI = 1.65-5.52), with an even higher risk in the heavy smoking group (RR = 3.03; 95% CI = 1.25-4.02). This systematic review and original data further support this association. We searched Pubmed, Google scholar, and PsyINFO for original population study articles, meta-analyses, and reviews published between 1987 and 2011. Some studies were excluded due to design flaws including survivor bias. We performed analyses of: 1) amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in N2a cells overexpressing Swedish mutant APP (SweAPP N2a) exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), 2) microglial inflammatory response to CSC, and 3) CSC exposed microglial phagocytosis of Aβ(1-42). CSC significantly promotes neuronal Aβ generation, increases microglial IL-1β and TNF-α production, and decreases microglial Aβ(1-42) phagocytosis. The mechanism underlying the epidemiological association of cigarette smoking with AD might involve the effect of cigarette smoke on APP processing, a reduction of Aβ clearance by microglia, and/or an increased microglial proinflammatory response. In vivo studies are required to fully elucidate how cigarette smoke promotes AD.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.