ArticleThe Journal of investigative dermatology2013
Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sand fly saliva in humans from a leishmaniasis-endemic area of Mali is Th1-mediated and persists to midlife.
Article in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of the effects of insect vector saliva on host immune responses and infection of vector-transmitted pathogens: a focus on leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Evaluation of cutaneous immune response in a controlled human in vivo model of mosquito bites.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a mosquito saliva peptide-based vaccine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1 trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2020Trial
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and type 1-polarized immunity that promotes Leishmania killing.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and TbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Efficacy of LaAg Vaccine Associated with Saponin AgainstVaccines · 2025Article
- The absence of eosinophils is associated with early metastatic lesions in Leishmania amazonensis-infected mice.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Article
- Antibodies toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immune response profiles from humans experimentally exposed toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- PpSP32, the Phlebotomus papatasi immunodominant salivary protein, exerts immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Immune Response to LinB13, a Lutzomyia Intermedia Salivary Protein Correlates With Disease Severity in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Some Good and Some Bad: Sand Fly Salivary Proteins in the Control of Leishmaniasis and in Autoimmunity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Vaccines against leishmaniasis: using controlled human infection models to accelerate development.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Article
- The human immune response to saliva of Phlebotomus alexandri, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq, and its relationship to sand fly exposure and infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2021Article
- A Chimera of Th1 Stimulatory Proteins ofBioMed research international · 2021Article
- A clinical study to optimise a sand fly biting protocol for use in a controlled human infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (the FLYBITE study).Wellcome open research · 2021Article
- Immunity to vector saliva is compromised by short sand fly seasons in endemic regions with temperate climates.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Immunity to vector saliva is compromised by short sand fly seasons in endemic regions with temperate climates.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment response varies depending on parasite species, geographical location and development of secondary infection.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immunity to sand fly saliva in rodents induces a T(H)1 delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response conferring protection against leishmaniasis. The relevance of DTH to sand fly bites in humans living in a leishmaniasis-endemic area remains unknown. Here, we describe the duration and nature of DTH to sand fly saliva in humans from an endemic area of Mali. DTH was assessed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post bite in volunteers exposed to colony-bred sand flies. Dermal biopsies were obtained 48 hours post bite; cytokines were quantified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with sand fly saliva in vitro. A DTH response to bites was observed in 75% of individuals aged 1-15 years, decreasing gradually to 48% by age 45, and dropping to 21% thereafter. Dermal biopsies were dominated by T lymphocytes and macrophages. Abundant expression of IFN-γ and absence of T(H)2 cytokines establishes the T(H)1 nature of this DTH response. PBMCs from 98% of individuals responded to sand fly saliva. Of these, 23% were polarized to a T(H)1 and 25% to a T(H)2 response. We demonstrate the durability and T(H)1 nature of DTH to sand fly bites in humans living in a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic area. A systemic T(H)2 response may explain why some individuals remain susceptible to disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.