ReviewInternational journal of medical sciences2012
A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.
Review in International journal of medical sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Traditional herbal medicine for opioid-induced constipation in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- The Safety and Efficacy ofNutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect ofNutrients · 2022Trial
- Effect ofNutrients · 2022Trial
- Acute p-synephrine ingestion increases whole-body fat oxidation during 1-h of cycling at Fatmax.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2019Trial
- The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018Trial
- Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and withoutJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017Trial
- Acute p-synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2016Trial
- The effects of supplementation with P-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on resistance exercise performance.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2015Trial
- Effects ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- Roles of citrus fruits on energy expenditure, body weight management, and metabolic biomarkers: a comprehensive review.Nutrition reviews · 2024Review
- Non-invasive assessment of proarrhythmic risks associated with isoprenaline and the dietary supplement ingredient synephrine using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Notifications and Health Consequences of Unauthorized Pharmaceuticals in Food Supplements.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Health Risk and Metal Contamination Assessment in Orange (Citrus aurantium) of Pakistan: a Multivariate Study.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Effects ofNutrients · 2021Review
- Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review.Nutrients · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review summarizes the published as well as unpublished human studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine, providing information and an assessment of the safety and efficacy of these widely used products. The results of over 20 studies involving a total of approximately 360 subjects that consumed p-synephrine alone or in combination with other ingredients are reviewed and critiqued. Over 50 % of the subjects involved in these studies were overweight/obese, and approximately two-thirds of these overweight/obese subjects consumed caffeine (132-528 mg/day) in conjunction with p-synephrine (10-53 mg/day). Bitter orange/p-synephrine containing products were consumed for up to 12 weeks. Approximately 44 % of the subjects consumed a bitter orange/p-synephrine only product, while the remainder consumed a complex product that contained multiple ingredients in addition to p-synephrine. In general, bitter orange extract alone (p-synephrine) or in combination with other herbal ingredients did not produce significant adverse events as an increase in heart rate or blood pressure, or alter electrocardiographic data, serum chemistry, blood cell counts or urinalysis. p-Synephrine alone as well as in combination products were shown to increase resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure, and modest increases in weight loss were observed with bitter orange extract/p-synephrine-containing products when given for six to 12 weeks. Longer term studies are needed to further assess the efficacy of these products and affirm their safety under these conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.