Trial reportNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2013
Optimal carbon monoxide criteria to confirm 24-hr smoking abstinence.
Trial report in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cessation classification likelihood increases with higher expired-air carbon monoxide cutoffs: a meta-analysis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Pooled it
- Recent cannabis exposure and acute nicotine effects: insights from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intravenous nicotine studies.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Population reach, feasibility and acceptability of digital therapeutics for smoking cessation among people living with HIV: Results of the Quitting Matters pilot trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Combined Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Abstinence Treatment for People Experiencing Homelessness: A Randomized Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Automated Tobacco Cessation Intervention for Parents in Pediatric Primary Care: A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Approach Bias and Tobacco Craving as Mechanisms of the Effect of Approach Bias Retraining on Smoking Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Isradipine augmentation of virtual reality cue exposure therapy for tobacco craving: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Effect of a Personalized Tobacco Treatment Intervention on Smoking Abstinence in Individuals Eligible for Lung Cancer Screening.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2024Trial
- Development of a targeted behavioral treatment for smoking cessation among individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Trial
- Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Comparison of the Bluetooth iCOquit, piCO, and Vitalograph for the assessment of breath carbon monoxide among adults initiating smoking cessation and standardized canisters.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- Behavioral activation for smoking cessation and the prevention of smoking cessation-related weight gain: A randomized trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- A novel stress-based intervention reduces cigarette use in non-treatment seeking smokers.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Approach bias retraining to augment smoking cessation: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- Timing of smoking cessation treatment integrated into outpatient treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: Feasibility trial.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- Randomized controlled trial testing a video-text tobacco cessation intervention among economically disadvantaged African American adults.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2021Trial
- How Financial Incentives Increase Smoking Cessation: A Two-Level Path Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Trial
- Personalized Feedback for Smoking and Anxiety Sensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Substance use & misuse · 2021Trial
- Exercise for Smoking Cessation in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSmoking cessation is typically verified biochemically by expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) levels below 9 ppm (i.e., ≤8 ppm), but this CO criterion may lead many who have smoked within 24hr to be misclassified as abstinent.
methodsAdult dependent smokers (N = 261; 124 men, 137 women) prospectively recorded each cigarette smoked and provided CO on five consecutive days during each of two short-term attempts to quit smoking. Participants were those recruited for crossover tests of the effects of placebo versus medication (nicotine patch or varenicline) on the ability to initiate 24-hr abstinence. All had either a high or low interest in permanently quitting smoking soon (within 3 months) and were randomized to the presence or absence of daily ($12) monetary reinforcement of abstinence.
resultsTotal accuracy of sensitivity to detect smoking (83%) plus specificity to verify abstinence (87%) was optimal at a CO criterion for abstinence below 5 ppm (≤4 ppm), compared with below 9 ppm (sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 97%). Overall CO detection of sensitivity and specificity was higher in those with high versus low quit interest, but reinforcement of abstinence made no difference.
conclusionsResults indicate a CO criterion half that used in most clinical research may optimally validate 24-hr cessation and reduce misclassification of smokers as "abstinent."
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.