ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2012
Influenza and malaria coinfection among young children in western Kenya, 2009-2011.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Global Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Parasitic Coinfection in People Living with Viruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the aetiological agents of non-malarial febrile illnesses in Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review.African health sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Potential Impact of Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities Prevalent in Africa on Influenza Severity and Frequency: A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Syndromic presentation by patients with malaria and respiratory symptoms in a malaria-endemic urban-and-peri-urban setting.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Influenza in travelers from Germany returning from abroad: a retrospective case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Malaria and Influenza Co-Infection in Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
- Neurological Complications of Malaria.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2022Review
- Current malaria infection, previous malaria exposure, and clinical profiles and outcomes of COVID-19 in a setting of high malaria transmission: an exploratory cohort study in Uganda.The Lancet. Microbe · 2022Article
- Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and co-infection with malaria during the first wave of the pandemic (the Burkina Faso case).Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Recent malaria does not substantially impact COVID-19 antibody response or rates of symptomatic illness in communities with high malaria and COVID-19 transmission in Mali, West Africa.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Rethinking the economic costs of hospitalization for malaria: accounting for the comorbidities of malaria patients in western Kenya.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Is malaria immunity a possible protection against severe symptoms and outcomes of COVID-19?Ghana medical journal · 2021Review
- Role of interferon gamma in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with parasitic infections.Gut pathogens · 2021Article
- Overdiagnosis of Malaria Illness in an Endemic Setting: A Facility-Based Surveillance Study in Malawi.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Influenza in High-Risk Hosts-Lessons Learned from Animal Models.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
- Malaria and Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases: Potential Syndemics with COVID-19?The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Falciparum Malaria in Febrile Patients at Sentinel Sites for Influenza Surveillance in the Central African Republic from 2015 to 2018.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Identifying exceptional malaria occurrences in the absence of historical data in South Sudan: a method validation.Public health action · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough children <5 years old in sub-Saharan Africa are vulnerable to both malaria and influenza, little is known about coinfection.
methodsThis retrospective, cross-sectional study in rural western Kenya examined outpatient visits and hospitalizations associated with febrile acute respiratory illness (ARI) during a 2-year period (July 2009-June 2011) in children <5 years old.
resultsAcross sites, 45% (149/331) of influenza-positive patients were coinfected with malaria, whereas only 6% (149/2408) of malaria-positive patients were coinfected with influenza. Depending on age, coinfection was present in 4%-8% of outpatient visits and 1%-3% of inpatient admissions for febrile ARI. Children with influenza were less likely than those without to have malaria (risk ratio [RR], 0.57-0.76 across sites and ages), and children with malaria were less likely than those without to have influenza (RR, 0.36-0.63). Among coinfected children aged 24-59 months, hospital length of stay was 2.7 and 2.8 days longer than influenza-only-infected children at the 2 sites, and 1.3 and 3.1 days longer than those with malaria only (all P < .01).
conclusionsCoinfection with malaria and influenza was uncommon but associated with longer hospitalization than single infections among children 24-59 months of age.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.