ArticleAnaerobe2012
Identification of a lambda toxin-negative Clostridium perfringens strain that processes and activates epsilon prototoxin intracellularly.
Article in Anaerobe, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Milestones in Clostridium perfringens research since 1995.Anaerobe · 2025Review
- Prevalence of epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens isolates among patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Iran.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Comprehensive Review of Toxin Pathophysiology and Management Strategies.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Enterotoxemia produced by lambda toxin-positiveJournal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2023Article
- Epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens colonize the multiple sclerosis gut microbiome overcoming CNS immune privilege.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Intestinal inflammation and the microbiota: Beyond diversity.World journal of gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2021Article
- Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin binds to erythrocyte MAL receptors and triggers phosphatidylserine exposure.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Virulence Plasmids of the Pathogenic Clostridia.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- Mechanisms of Action and Cell Death Associated withToxins · 2018Review
- F199E substitution reduced toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by depriving the receptor binding capability.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Article
- Characterization of Clostridium perfringens TpeL toxin gene carriage, production, cytotoxic contributions, and trypsin sensitivity.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- The Myelin and Lymphocyte Protein MAL Is Required for Binding and Activity of Clostridium perfringens ε-Toxin.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- Article
- Review
- Toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2013Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type B and D strains produce epsilon toxin (ETX), which is one of the most potent clostridial toxins and is involved in enteritis and enterotoxemias of domestic animals. ETX is produced initially as an inactive prototoxin that is typically then secreted and processed by intestinal proteases or possibly, for some strains, lambda toxin. During the current work a unique C. perfringens strain was identified that intracellularly processes epsilon prototoxin to an active form capable of killing MDCK cells. This activated toxin is not secreted but instead is apparently released upon lysis of bacterial cells entering stationary phase. These findings broaden understanding of the pathogenesis of type B and D infections by identifying a new mechanism of ETX activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.