ArticleBiomaterials2012
Effect of modulating macrophage phenotype on peripheral nerve repair.
Article in Biomaterials, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 328 citations in OpenAlex.
- SUN11602 Accelerates Early Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in an Experimental Median Nerve Transection Model.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Myelination and Remyelination in Peripheral Nerve Injury: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Therapeutic Perspectives.MedComm · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING pathway modulation: A new hope for neural regeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Macrophage-induced immunomodulation in oral tissue repair and regeneration: Recent advances and future perspectives.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Macrophage 2 plays an important role in axonal lesions and vasculitis in Sjogren's syndrome complicated with peripheral neuropathy.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Ultrasound-guided nanocomposite hydrogel injection to enhance nerve repair via temporal delivery of a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Low-intensity focused ultrasound-activated piezoelectric gel bandage for diabetic wound repair and neuropathic pain relief.Nature communications · 2026Article
- 3D-bioprinted mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reprogram macrophages via PI3K/AKT to accelerate nerve regeneration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal Remodeling of Presynaptic Terminals in Human Neuromuscular Junctions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nano-Immunomodulators for Directing Macrophage Fate to Enhance Peripheral Nerve Repair: Advances, Challenges, and Translational Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The neuroimmune microenvironment of peripheral nerve injury: mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
- Macrophage polarization state influences fusion and phenotype of human foreign body giant cellsFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Injectable Poloxamer and Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Sustained Co-Delivery of Dexamethasone and Lidocaine Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
- Madecassoside Accelerates Nerve Regeneration by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization via TXNIP/NLRP3/GSDMD Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Biomaterial and Hydrogel Strategies for Regenerative Microenvironment Reconstruction in Peripheral Nerve Conduits.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Dance Between Schwann Cells and Macrophages During the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injury.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury-induced cellular ecological shifts: Implications for neuroregeneration.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Neuroimmune interactions: The bridge between inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- The dual roles of chemokines in peripheral nerve injury and repair.Inflammation and regeneration · 2025Review
- Rethinking Biomedical Titanium Alloy Design: A Review of Challenges from Biological and Manufacturing Perspectives.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Review
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Peripheral nerve repair across long gaps remains clinically challenging despite progress made with autograft transplantation. While scaffolds that present trophic factors and extracellular matrix molecules have been designed, matching the performance of autograft-induced repair has been challenging. In this study, we explored the effect of cytokine mediated 'biasing' of macrophage phenotypes on Schwann cell (SC) migration and axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Macrophage phenotype was successfully modulated by local delivery of either Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or Interleukin-4 (IL-4) within polymeric nerve guidance channels, polarizing them toward pro-inflammatory (M1) or pro-healing (M2a and M2c) phenotypes, respectively. The initial polarization of macrophages to M2a and M2c phenotype results in enhanced SC infiltration and substantially faster axonal growth in a critically-sized rat sciatic nerve gap model (15 mm). The ratio of pro-healing to pro-inflammatory population of macrophages (CD206+/CCR7+), defined as regenerative bias, demonstrates a linear relationship with the number of axons at the distal end of the nerve scaffolds. The present results clearly suggest that rather than the extent of macrophage presence, their specific phenotype at the site of injury regulates the regenerative outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.