ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2012
Evolutionary conflicts between viruses and restriction factors shape immunity.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 248 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
248 citing papers in PubMed.
- The human CIB1-EVER1-EVER2 complex governs keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to β-papillomaviruses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2018Trial
- PRRSV suppresses FTO-dependentmBio · 2026Article
- Strain-specific epistasis shapes fitness landscapes of APOBEC3G antagonism by HIV-1 Vif proteins.Science advances · 2026Article
- Allopatric coevolution: Migratory predators may facilitate mimicry between geographically nonoverlapping species.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Balancing under constraint: Structural insights into norovirus evolution and antigenic innovation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- SUMOylation and ubiquitination reciprocally regulate SMCHD1 antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The evolutionary dynamics between viral mimics and host proteins.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus nucleocapsid protein targets RIG-I and IRF3 to evade IFN immunity.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Genomic and functional adaptations in the guanylate-binding protein GBP5 highlight specificities of bat antiviral innate immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Host restriction factor SAMHD1 does not restrict seasonal influenza virus replication in human epithelial or macrophage-like cells.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Cross-omics mapping of the human HIV restrictome across clinical states, immune-cell compartments, and protein responses.PloS one · 2026Article
- Systemic removal of host restriction factors enables rapid, scalable virus production for cell culture-based vaccine development.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Coexistence of virome-encoded health-associated genes and pathogenic genes in global habitats.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evolutionary characterization of antiviral SAMD9/9L across kingdoms supports ancient convergence and lineage-specific adaptations.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025Article
- ISG20 RestrictsMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- The IFIT2-IFIT3 antiviral complex targets short 5' untranslated regions on viral mRNAs for translation inhibition.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- CRISPR Technology in Disease Management: An Updated Review of Clinical Translation and Therapeutic Potential.Cell proliferation · 2025Article
- IFIT1 is rapidly evolving and exhibits disparate antiviral activities across 11 mammalian orders.eLife · 2025Article
- Fitness Landscapes of APOBEC3G Antagonism by HIV-1 Vif proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
188 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Host restriction factors are potent, widely expressed intracellular blocks to viral replication that are an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. However, viruses have evolved mechanisms that antagonize restriction factors. Through evolutionary pressure for both host survival and virus replication, an evolutionary 'arms race' has developed that drives continuous rounds of selection for beneficial mutations in the genes encoding restriction factors and their viral antagonists. Because viruses can evolve faster than their hosts, the innate immune system of modern-day vertebrates is for the most part optimized to defend against ancient viruses, rather than newer viral threats. Thus, the evolutionary history of restriction factors might, in part, explain why humans are susceptible or resistant to the viruses present in the modern world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.