Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22965848›Full record

ArticleHormones & cancer2013

Raloxifene inhibits growth of RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells via estrogen receptor-dependent induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation.

Kristi L Hoffman, Seth P Lerner, Carolyn L Smith

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Hormones & cancer, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.9field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.

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  14. Clinicopathological Significance of Estrogen ReceptorPathology oncology research : POR · 2021
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Kristi L HoffmanProgram in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Seth P Lerner
Carolyn L Smith
Baylor College of Medicine · US

Funding

Antiestrogen Regulation of Bladder CancerR03CA119271 · NCI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI SMITH, CAROLYN LOUISE · 2008 to 2009
$154k
NCI NIH HHS CA119271NCI NIH HHS R03 CA119271
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer in the USA, with over 70,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Treatment often involves invasive surgical therapies, as chemotherapy alone is often ineffective and associated with high recurrence rates. Identification of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in up to 75 % of urinary tumors raises the question of whether this receptor could be targeted to effectively treat bladder cancer. In this study, a panel of five bladder cancer cell lines representing a variety of disease stage and grades were treated with the antiestrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen, raloxifene, or the pure antagonist ICI 182,780. All cell lines were ERβ positive while only a few expressed estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Notably, all but the TCCSUP cell line were growth inhibited 20-100 % by at least two antiestrogens. Using RT4 cells, we demonstrate that growth inhibition by raloxifene is ER dependent and either ERα or ERβ can mediate this response. Activation of caspase-3 and its effector poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) demonstrate that raloxifene-induced growth inhibition is in part the result of increased apoptosis; this PARP cleavage was ER dependent. Moreover, changes in the expression of cell cycle genes indicate that cell proliferation is also affected. Specifically, raloxifene treatment results in the stabilization of p27 protein, likely via the downregulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein (SKP2). Expression of the negative cell cycle regulator B-cell translocation gene (BTG2) is also increased, while cyclin D1 transcription is reduced. These results indicate that antiestrogens may be useful therapeutics in the treatment of bladder cancer by targeting ER and inhibiting growth via multiple mechanisms.

Indexed as

ApoptosisCarcinoma, Transitional CellCaspase 3Cell Line, TumorCell ProliferationCyclin D1Down-RegulationEstradiolEstrogen AntagonistsEstrogen Receptor alphaEstrogen Receptor betaFulvestrantHumansImmediate-Early ProteinsMCF-7 CellsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesafimoxifeneBTG2 protein, humanCaspase 3Cyclin D1ESR1 protein, humanEstradiolEstrogen AntagonistsEstrogen Receptor alphaEstrogen Receptor betaFulvestrantImmediate-Early ProteinsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesRaloxifene HydrochlorideS-Phase Kinase-Associated ProteinsTamoxifenTumor Suppressor Proteins

Identifiers

PMID22965848
PMCPMC3541450
OpenAlexW2063768794

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.