ArticleJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2012
Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories.
Article in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults.British journal of sports medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Myokine Circulating Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Overweight or Obesity: Effects of Resistance Training and/or DHA-RichNutrients · 2025Trial
- Trial
- The acute effects of caffeine intake on time under tension and power generated during the bench press movement.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2019Trial
- High protein consumption in trained women: bad to the bone?Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018Trial
- Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2016Trial
- Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks.The Journal of nutrition · 2015Trial
- The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2015Trial
- Effects of whey proteins and carbohydrates on the efficacy of resistance training in elderly people: double blind, randomised controlled trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2013Trial
- Beyond the bare minimum: the case for revised physical activity guidelines and protein intake recommendations that maximise healthspan.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association between changes in lean mass, muscle strength, endurance, and power following resistance or concurrent training with differing high protein diets in resistance-trained young males.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Effects of 16 weeks of two different high-protein diets with either resistance or concurrent training on body composition, muscular strength and performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in resistance-trained males.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Article
- International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Review
- Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes.Nutrients · 2023Observational
- Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Review
- Article
- The Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Bone Mineral Density in Exercise-Trained Women: A 1-Year Investigation.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2018Article
- Endocrine responses following exhaustive strength exercise with and without the use of protein and protein-carbohydrate supplements.Biology of sport · 2018Article
- International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017Review
- Role of Ingested Amino Acids and Protein in the Promotion of Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Protein Anabolism.The Journal of nutrition · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An appreciable volume of human clinical data supports increased dietary protein for greater gains from resistance training, but not all findings are in agreement. We recently proposed "protein spread theory" and "protein change theory" in an effort to explain discrepancies in the response to increased dietary protein in weight management interventions. The present review aimed to extend "protein spread theory" and "protein change theory" to studies examining the effects of protein on resistance training induced muscle and strength gains. Protein spread theory proposed that there must have been a sufficient spread or % difference in g/kg/day protein intake between groups during a protein intervention to see muscle and strength differences. Protein change theory postulated that for the higher protein group, there must be a sufficient change from baseline g/kg/day protein intake to during study g/kg/day protein intake to see muscle and strength benefits. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. In studies where a higher protein intervention was deemed successful there was, on average, a 66.1% g/kg/day between group intake spread versus a 10.2% g/kg/day spread in studies where a higher protein diet was no more effective than control. The average change in habitual protein intake in studies showing higher protein to be more effective than control was +59.5% compared to +6.5% when additional protein was no more effective than control. The magnitudes of difference between the mean spreads and changes of the present review are similar to our previous review on these theories in a weight management context. Providing sufficient deviation from habitual intake appears to be an important factor in determining the success of additional protein in enhancing muscle and strength gains from resistance training. An increase in dietary protein favorably effects muscle and strength during resistance training.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.