ReviewClinical & developmental immunology2012
Rheumatoid factor, complement, and mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Review in Clinical & developmental immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02825212 (Efficacy of All-Oral Anti-Viral Therapy for Symptomatic Hepatitis C Virus Infection-Related Cryoglobulinemia), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of All-Oral Anti-Viral Therapy for Symptomatic Hepatitis C Virus Infection-Related Cryoglobulinemia
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for relapse in non-infectious cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, including type I cryoglobulinemia: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Complement C3c as a biomarker in heart failure.Mediators of inflammation · 2013Trial
- Temperature extremes and autoimmune diseases.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Postpartum TMA requiring dialysis with discordant complement tests: a case report.CEN case reports · 2026Article
- Regulators and Conductors of Immunity: Natural Immune System in Health and Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Rheumatoid factor levels indicate cryoglobulinemia severity in hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis B virus carriers: a 7-year prospective cohort study.Hepatology international · 2025Article
- Clinical and Serological Profiles in Cryoglobulinemia: Analysis of Isotypes and Etiologies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Extrahepatic Disease and the Impact of New Direct-Acting Antivirals.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Interactive Impacts from Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia on Complement Levels.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Article
- Contribution of Hepatitis C Infection to a Large Cohort of Cryoglobulin-Positive Patients: Detection and Characteristics.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Observational
- The Complement System and C1q in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- The expanding spectrum of HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a narrative review.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2016Review
- Role of Natural Autoantibodies and Natural IgM Anti-Leucocyte Autoantibodies in Health and Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer.World journal of hepatology · 2015Review
- Diagnostics and treatment of cryoglobulinaemia: it takes two to tango.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2014Review
- Vasculitis: determinants of disease patterns.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2014Review
- Vasculitis with renal involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: Case report and mini-review.World journal of clinical cases · 2014Article
- The complement and immunoglobulin levels in NMO patients.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2014Article
- Utility of immunologic testing in suspected rheumatologic disease.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Low serum level of complement component 4 (C4) that occurs in mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) may be due to in vivo or ex vivo activation of complement by the classical pathway. Potential activators include monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor (RF), IgG antibodies, and the complexing of the two in the cold, perhaps modulated by the rheology and stoichiometry of cryocomplexes in specific microcirculations. There is also the potential for activation of complement by the alternative and lectin pathways, particularly in the setting of chronic infection and immune stimulation caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Engagement of C1q and interaction with specific cell surface receptors serve to localize immune complexes (ICs) to the sites of pathology, notably the cutaneous and glomerular microcirculations. Defective or saturated clearance of ICs by CR1and/or Fc receptors may explain persistence in the circulation. The phlogistic potential of cryoprecipitable ICs depends upon the cleavage of complement components to generate fragments with anaphylatoxin or leukocyte mobilizing activity, and the assembly of the membrane attack complex (C5b-9) on cell surfaces. A research agenda would include further characterization of the effector arm of complement activation in MC, and elucidation of activation mechanisms due to virus and viral antigens in HCV infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.