ArticleJournal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition2013
Oral microbial profile discriminates breast-fed from formula-fed infants.
Article in Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Does breastfeeding increase the risk of early childhood caries (ECC)? A systematic review.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal and Neonatal Oral Microbiome Developmental Patterns and Correlated Factors: A Systematic Review-Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Oral Microbiota in Infants Fed a Formula Supplemented with Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membranes - A Randomized Controlled Trial.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Oral colostrum priming shortens hospitalization without changing the immunomicrobial milieu.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Before the Gut: Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Oral Microbial Colonization in Infancy.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Microbiome and aging: Trajectories of microbiome age across human ecosystems and their systemic effects.iMeta · 2026Review
- [The Oral Microbiome: Maintenance of Homeostasis, Disease Associations, and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Oral microbiota assessment at different time points during the first year of life: delivery mode and breastfeeding shape the bacterial community.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding vs. formula feeding on maternal oral health: periodontal and microbiological changes in the postpartum period: an observational longitudinal study.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- The association between early-life nutrition and palatine tonsil grading in preschool children: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Development of the Breastfed Infant Oral Microbiome Is Associated with Concentrations and Intakes of Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The butterfly effect: collateral damage and impacts of antimicrobial strategies on the oral microbiome.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- A Comparative Analysis of Feeding Practices and Oral Immunity in Infants.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Impact of bovine lactoferrin supplementation and reduced iron in formula on infant oral microbiome: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Diet type and the oral microbiome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Acquisition of the Oral Microbiome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesLittle is known about the effect of diet on the oral microbiota of infants, although diet is known to affect the gut microbiota. The aims of the present study were to compare the oral microbiota in breast-fed and formula-fed infants, and investigate growth inhibition of streptococci by infant-isolated lactobacilli.
methodsA total of 207 mothers consented to participation of their 3-month-old infants. A total of 146 (70.5%) infants were exclusively and 38 (18.4%) partially breast-fed, and 23 (11.1%) were exclusively formula-fed. Saliva from all of their infants was cultured for Lactobacillus species, with isolate identifications from 21 infants. Lactobacillus isolates were tested for their ability to suppress Streptococcus mutans and S sanguinis. Oral swabs from 73 infants were analysed by the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Lactobacillus gasseri.
resultsLactobacilli were cultured from 27.8% of exclusively and partially breast-fed infants, but not from formula-fed infants. The prevalence of 14 HOMIM-detected taxa, and total salivary lactobacilli counts differed by feeding method. Multivariate modelling of HOMIM-detected bacteria and possible confounders clustered samples from breast-fed infants separately from formula-fed infants. The microbiota of breast-fed infants differed based on vaginal or C-section delivery. Isolates of L plantarum, L gasseri, and L vaginalis inhibited growth of the cariogenic S mutans and the commensal S sanguinis: L plantarum >L gasseri >L vaginalis.
conclusionsThe microbiota of the mouth differs between 3-month-old breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Possible mechanisms for microbial differences observed include species suppression by lactobacilli indigenous to breast milk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.