SynthesisPloS one2012
A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of HIV in India.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of syphilis infection on HIV acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sexually transmitted infections · 2021Pooled it
- Structural and community-level interventions for increasing condom use to prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Evaluation of demographic and co-infection pattern amongst HIV seropositive individuals in a tertiary care centre.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Baseline variables associated with subsequent HIV seroconversion among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and transgender women: a prospective, multicenter PrEP demonstration study (ImPrEP).Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Strong Father-Child Relationships and Other Positive Childhood Experiences, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Sexual Risk Factors for HIV among Young Adults Aged 19-24 Years, Namibia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- HIV prevalence correlated with circumcision prevalence and high-risk sexual behavior in India's states: an ecological study.F1000Research · 2019Article
- Effectiveness of female condom in preventing HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review protocol.BMJ open · 2018Article
- High Prevalence ofThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2017Article
- Cross-sectional study of female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: Factors associated with HIV infection.PloS one · 2017Article
- Population and dyadic-based seroincidence of herpes simplex virus-2 and syphilis in southern India.Sexually transmitted infections · 2015Article
- Indices to measure risk of HIV acquisition in Rakai, Uganda.PloS one · 2014Article
- HIV and risk behaviors of persons of low socio-economic status, Popayan-Colombia (2008-2009).Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia) · 2013Article
- Male circumcision and Sexually transmitted Infections - An update.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundApproximately 2.4 million people are living with HIV in India. This large disease burden, and potential for epidemic spread in some areas, demands a full understanding of transmission in that country. We wished to quantify the effects of key sexual risk factors for HIV infection for each gender and among high- and low-HIV risk populations in India. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a systematic review of sexual risk factors for HIV infection from 35 published studies. Risk factors analyzed were: male circumcision/religion, Herpes Simplex Virus 2, syphilis, gonorrhoea, genital ulcer, multiple sexual partners and commercial sex. Studies were included if they met predetermined criteria. Data were extracted and checked by two researchers and random-effects meta analysis of effects was conducted. Heterogeneity in effect estimates was examined by I(2) statistic. Publication bias was tested by Begg's test and funnel plots. Meta regression was used to assess effect modification by various study attributes.
resultsAll risk factors were significantly associated with HIV status. The factor most strongly associated with HIV for both sexes was HSV-2 infection (OR(men): 5.87; 95%CI: 2.46-14.03; OR(women): 6.44; 95%CI: 3.22-12.86). The effect of multiple sexual partners was similar among men (OR = 2.46; 95%CI: 1.91-3.17,) and women (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.43-2.87) and when further stratified by HIV-risk group. The association between HSV-2 and HIV prevalence was consistently stronger than other STIs or self-reported genital ulcer. If the strong associations between HSV-2 and HIV were interpreted causally, these results implied that approximately half of the HIV infections observed in our study population were attributable to HSV-2 infection.
conclusionsThe risk factors examined in our analysis should remain targets of HIV prevention programs. Our results confirm that sexual risk factors for HIV infection continue to be an important part of Indian HIV epidemic 26 years after it began.
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