ArticleAIDS research and human retroviruses2013
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure.
Article in AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 243 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
PC4PrEP: Integrating Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Into Primary Care
The Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Switching to a Bictegravir (BIC)/Emtricitabine(FTC)/Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) Regimen in Virally Suppressed Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV)-Positive Patients Post-Renal Transplant
Training in mHealth Prevention With MSM
Urine Tenofovir Point-of-care Test to Identify Patients in Need of ART Adherence Support (UTRA Study)
Who cites it
243 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 329 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performance of Adherence Measures for Oral, Tenofovir-Based HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV - CDC Recommendations, United States, 2025.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2025Guideline
- Adherence and HIV Protection Thresholds for Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Preexposure Prophylaxis among Cisgender Women: A Systematic Review.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Pooled it
- Discontinuation, suboptimal adherence, and reinitiation of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. HIV · 2022Pooled it
- Antiretroviral Concentration in Hair as a Measure for Antiretroviral Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review of Global Literature.AIDS and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- A Urine Tenofovir Point-of-Care Assay Facilitates Positive Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Discussions Among People Living With HIV and Healthcare Providers-A Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Cape Town, South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Trial
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- Trial
- The Association Between Use of Adherence Support Interventions and Adherence to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young South African and Zimbabwean Women in HPTN 082.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) and Tenofovir Disoproxil (TDF) in pregnant and postpartum women in South Africa: PrEP-PP PK study.Antiviral research · 2024Trial
- In-utero exposure to tenofovir-containing pre-exposure prophylaxis and bone mineral content in HIV-unexposed infants in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Trial
- Correlates of Adherence to Oral and Vaginal Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) Participating in the MTN-034/REACH Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Behavioral Modeling and its Association with PrEP and ART Use in Ugandan HIV-Serodifferent Couples.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Game Plan for PrEP: A Brief, Web and Text Message Intervention to Help Sexual Minority Men Adhere to PrEP and Reduce Their Alcohol Use.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- How a menu of adherence support strategies facilitated high adherence to HIV prevention products among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed methods analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Trial
- Acceptability and Feasibility of Providing Adherence Feedback Based on Tenofovir Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots: Results from a Pilot Study Among Patients and Providers in Cape Town, South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Initial Supplementary Dose of Dolutegravir in Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy: A Noncomparative, Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
183 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF)±emtricitabine (FTC) are widely used for HIV treatment and chemoprophylaxis, but variable adherence may lead to suboptimal responses. Methods that quantify adherence would allow for interventions to improve treatment and prevention outcomes. Our objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and FTC-triphosphate (FTC-TP) in red blood cells (RBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); to extend the RBC analysis to dried blood spots (DBSs); and to model how RBC/DBS monitoring could inform recent and cumulative drug exposure/adherence. Blood samples were collected from 17 HIV-negative adults at 5 visits over a 30-day pharmacokinetics study of daily oral TDF/FTC. Dosing was discontinued on day 30 and blood was collected on days 35, 45, and 60 during the washout period. Plasma/RBCs/PBMCs/DBSs were all quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. DBSs were paired with RBCs and plasma for comparisons. The median (interquartile range) RBC TFV-DP half-life was 17.1 (15.7-20.2) versus 4.2 (3.7-5.2) days in PBMCs. At steady state, TFV-DP was 130 fmol/10(6) RBCs versus 98 fmol/10(6) PBMCs. FTC-TP was not quantifiable in most RBC samples. TFV-DP in RBCs versus DBSs yielded an r(2)=0.83. TFV-DP in DBSs was stable at -20°C. Simulations of TFV-DP in RBCs/DBSs, when dosed from one to seven times per week, demonstrated that each dose per week resulted in an average change of approximately 19 fmol/10(6) RBCs and 230 fmol/punch. TFV and FTC in plasma versus DBSs was defined by y=1.4x; r(2)=0.96 and y=0.8x; r(2)=0.99, respectively. We conclude that DBSs offer a convenient measure of recent (TFV/FTC) and cumulative (TFV-DP in RBCs) drug exposure with potential application to adherence monitoring.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.