ArticleOncoimmunology2012
Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Application potential of toll-like receptors in cancer immunotherapy: Systematic review.Medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Microbiota in cancer: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Unravelling the complexity of the interactions among VACCIMEL, BCG and blood monocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Clinical landscape of macrophage-reprogramming cancer immunotherapies.British journal of cancer · 2024Review
- The HPV viral regulatory mechanism of TLRs and the related treatments for HPV-associated cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Advances in Bacterial Lysate Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases and Cancer.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Targeting CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 axis: an important component of tumor-promoting and antitumor immunity.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2023Review
- Functional immune boosters; the herb or its dead microbiome? Antigenic TLR4 agonist MAMPs found in 65 medicinal roots and algae's.Journal of functional foods · 2023Article
- Intratumoral microbiota: roles in cancer initiation, development and therapeutic efficacy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Plants against cancer: the immune-boosting herbal microbiome: not of the plant, but in the plant. Basic concepts, introduction, and future resource for vaccine adjuvant discovery.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- HTLV-1 Tax-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes in long-term survivors of aggressive-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.Cancer medicine · 2022Observational
- BCG therapy downregulates HLA-I on malignant cells to subvert antitumor immune responses in bladder cancer.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Toll-like receptor-targeted anti-tumor therapies: Advances and challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- A Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Against Bladder Cancer Based on CTL and HTL Epitopes for Induction of Strong Immune Using Immunoinformatics Approaches.International journal of peptide research and therapeutics · 2022Article
- Engineering Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy via Exogenous Delivery of Toll-like Receptor Agonists.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- TLR3 agonists: RGC100, ARNAX, and poly-IC: a comparative review.Immunologic research · 2021Review
- Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
- Signal-transducing innate receptors in tumor immunity.Cancer science · 2021Review
- PLGA-particle vaccine carrying TLR3/RIG-I ligand Riboxxim synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade for effective anti-cancer immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2021Article
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.