ArticleRadiology and oncology2011
Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe?
Article in Radiology and oncology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Organ and tissue accumulation of titanium dioxide after acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic oral exposure in mice and rats: a systematic review.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnostic tests for titanium hypersensitivity in implant dentistry: a systematic review of the literature.International journal of implant dentistry · 2022Pooled it
- Titanium Dioxide Exacerbates Calcium Phosphate and Urate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Injury and Inflammatory Response in Human Kidney-2 Cells.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- Fecal Evidence of Metal and Metalloid Exposure in a Free-Ranging Juvenile Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) From the Brazilian Coast.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) Increases Intracellular Labile FeJournal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in oncology: synthesis, application, and challenges.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Quantification and characterization of manufactured nanomaterials shed from face masks.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development and characterization of active chitosan/olibanum packaging films with lavender nanoemulsion and TiO₂ for silver carp preservation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exposure of Selected Sunscreens to Artificial Sunlight Generates Persistent Free Radicals.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- Cotracking of NaThe journal of physical chemistry. A · 2025Article
- Color additives in chewing gum products sold through Indian online marketplaces: variances and compliance with food safety norms in India, the EU, and the USA.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Emerging two-dimensional nanomaterial and its modifications for enhanced antiviral applications: a review.Royal Society open science · 2025Review
- Investigating the impact of the dispersion protocol on the physico-chemical identity and toxicity of nanomaterials: a review of the literature with focus on TiOParticle and fibre toxicology · 2025Review
- Do We Need Titanium Dioxide (TiOToxics · 2025Review
- 8-Bromo-cAMP attenuates human airway epithelial barrier disruption caused by titanium dioxide fine and nanoparticles.Tissue barriers · 2024Article
- Article
- Quantifying Titanium Exposure in Lung Tissues: A Novel Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Elemental Imaging-Based Analytical Framework for Biomedical Applications.Small science · 2024Article
- Validating Enteroid-Derived Monolayers from Murine Gut Organoids for Toxicological Testing of Inorganic Particles: Proof-of-Concept with Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Artificial Space Weathering to Mimic Solar Wind Enhances the Toxicity of Lunar Dust Simulants in Human Lung Cells.GeoHealth · 2024Article
- Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTitanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is considered as an inert and safe material and has been used in many applications for decades. However, with the development of nanotechnologies TiO(2) nanoparticles, with numerous novel and useful properties, are increasingly manufactured and used. Therefore increased human and environmental exposure can be expected, which has put TiO(2) nanoparticles under toxicological scrutiny. Mechanistic toxicological studies show that TiO(2) nanoparticles predominantly cause adverse effects via induction of oxidative stress resulting in cell damage, genotoxicity, inflammation, immune response etc. The extent and type of damage strongly depends on physical and chemical characteristics of TiO(2) nanoparticles, which govern their bioavailability and reactivity. Based on the experimental evidence from animal inhalation studies TiO(2) nanoparticles are classified as "possible carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and as occupational carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The studies on dermal exposure to TiO(2) nanoparticles, which is in humans substantial through the use of sunscreens, generally indicate negligible transdermal penetration; however data are needed on long-term exposure and potential adverse effects of photo-oxidation products. Although TiO(2) is permitted as an additive (E171) in food and pharmaceutical products we do not have reliable data on its absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity on oral exposure. TiO(2) may also enter environment, and while it exerts low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, upon long-term exposure it induces a range of sub-lethal effects.
conclusionsUntil relevant toxicological and human exposure data that would enable reliable risk assessment are obtained, TiO(2) nanoparticles should be used with great care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.