ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2012
A three-dose intramuscular injection schedule of anthrax vaccine adsorbed generates sustained humoral and cellular immune responses to protective antigen and provides long-term protection against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Trial
- Human leukocyte antigens and cellular immune responses to anthrax vaccine adsorbed.Infection and immunity · 2013Trial
- Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of anthrax vaccine adsorbed for postexposure prophylaxis.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Trial
- Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- A Lyophilizable Nanoparticle Anthrax Vaccine Targeting the Loop-Neutralizing Determinant in Protective Antigen fromMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Efficacy of different AV7909 dose regimens in a nonclinical model of pulmonary anthrax.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Inhalable vaccine of bacterial culture supernatant extract mediates protection against fatal pulmonary anthrax.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Review
- Single Low-Dose Nanovaccine for Long-Term Protection against Anthrax Toxins.Nano letters · 2022Article
- Impact of HLA Polymorphism on the Immune Response to Bacillus Anthracis Protective Antigen in Vaccination versus Natural Infection.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Mapping of Anthrax Vaccine Publications from 1991 through 2021.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Malaria transmission-blocking conjugate vaccine in ALFQ adjuvant induces durable functional immune responses in rhesus macaques.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Insufficient Anthrax Lethal Toxin Neutralization Is Associated with Antibody Subclass and Domain Specificity in the Plasma of Anthrax-Vaccinated Individuals.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Progress towards the Development of a NEAT Vaccine for Anthrax II: Immunogen Specificity and Alum Effectiveness in an Inhalational Model.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Current State of Anthrax Vaccines and Key R&D Gaps Moving Forward.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Article
- Development of a novel multiepitope chimeric vaccine against anthrax.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A 3-dose (0, 1, and 6 months) intramuscular (3-IM) priming series of a human dose (HuAVA) and dilutions of up to 1:10 of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) provided statistically significant levels of protection (60 to 100%) against inhalation anthrax for up to 4 years in rhesus macaques. Serum anti-protective antigen (anti-PA) IgG and lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA) were detectable following a single injection of HuAVA or 1:5 AVA or following two injections of diluted vaccine (1:10, 1:20, or 1:40 AVA). Anti-PA and TNA were highly correlated (overall r(2) = 0.89 for log(10)-transformed data). Peak responses were seen at 6.5 months. In general, with the exception of animals receiving 1:40 AVA, serum anti-PA and TNA responses remained significantly above control levels at 28.5 months (the last time point measured for 1:20 AVA), and through 50.5 months for the HuAVA and 1:5 and 1:10 AVA groups (P < 0.05). PA-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) CD4(+) cell frequencies and T cell stimulation indices were sustained through 50.5 months (the last time point measured). PA-specific memory B cell frequencies were highly variable but, in general, were detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by 2 months, were significantly above control levels by 7 months, and remained detectable in the HuAVA and 1:5 and 1:20 AVA groups through 42 months (the last time point measured). HuAVA and diluted AVA elicited a combined Th1/Th2 response and robust immunological priming, with sustained production of high-avidity PA-specific functional antibody, long-term immune cell competence, and immunological memory (30 months for 1:20 AVA and 52 months for 1:10 AVA). Vaccinated animals surviving inhalation anthrax developed high-magnitude anamnestic anti-PA IgG and TNA responses.
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