ArticlePloS one2012
Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- In support of 2D:4D: More data exploring its conflicting results on handedness, sexual orientation and sex differences.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS: Gestational anti-Müllerian hormone and testosterone excess combined with maternal adiposity program for polycystic ovary syndrome.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS: Polycystic ovary syndrome: an evolutionary metabolic adaptation.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- The evolutionary basis of elevated testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of systematic reviews of the evidence.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Review
- Using Animal Models to Study the Interplay Between the Biodevelopmental Pathways Underlying Human Sexual Orientation.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- An Evolutionary Model for the Ancient Origins of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Systematical assessment of digit ratio in a female masculinization disease: polycystic ovary syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2021Article
- Overexpression of Androgen Receptors Masculinizes 2D:4D Digit Ratios in Mice.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are diametric disorders.Evolutionary applications · 2021Review
- Sexual Dimorphism in Titi Monkeys' Digit (2D:4D) Ratio is Associated with Maternal Urinary Sex Hormones During Pregnancy.Developmental psychobiology · 2020Article
- Second-to-fourth digit ratio and facial shape in Buryats of Southern Siberia.Early human development · 2020Article
- Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) and digit ratio associates with aggression: comparison in seven ethnic groups.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2020Article
- Masculinized Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D Ratio) Is Associated With Lower Cortisol Response in Infant Female Rhesus Monkeys (Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Article
- Naturally Occurring and Experimentally Induced Rhesus Macaque Models for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Translational Gateways to Clinical Application.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- The ratio of anterior anogenital distance to posterior anogenital distance: A novel-biomarker for polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2019Article
- Hyperandrogenic origins of polycystic ovary syndrome - implications for pathophysiology and therapy.Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism · 2019Review
- Sibling sex, but not androgens, shapes phenotypes in perinatal common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).Scientific reports · 2019Article
- In utero Androgen Excess: A Developmental Commonality Preceding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?Frontiers of hormone research · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A smaller length ratio for the second relative to the fourth finger (2D:4D) is repeatedly associated with fetal male-typical testosterone (T) and is implicated as a biomarker for a variety of traits and susceptibility to a number of diseases, but no experimental human studies have been performed. The present study utilizes the rhesus monkey, a close relative of humans, and employs discrete gestational exposure of female monkeys to fetal male-typical T levels for 15-35 days during early-to-mid (40-76 days; n = 7) or late (94-139 days; n = 7) gestation (term: 165 days) by daily subcutaneous injection of their dams with 10 mg T propionate. Such gestational exposures are known to enhance male-typical behavior. In this study, compared to control females (n = 19), only early-to-mid gestation T exposure virilizes female external genitalia while increasing 2D:4D ratio in the right hand (RH) by male-like elongation of RH2D. RH2D length and 2D:4D positively correlate with androgen-dependent anogenital distance (AG), and RH2D and AG positively correlate with duration of early-to-mid gestation T exposure. Male monkeys (n = 9) exhibit a sexually dimorphic 2D:4D in the right foot, but this trait is not emulated by early-to-mid or late gestation T exposed females. X-ray determined phalanx measurements indicate elongated finger and toe phalanx length in males, but no other phalanx-related differences. Discrete T exposure during early-to-mid gestation in female rhesus monkeys thus appears to increase RH2D:4D through right-side biased, non-skeletal tissue growth. As variation in timing and duration of gestational T exposure alter male-like dimensions of RH2D independently of RH4D, postnatal RH2D:4D provides a complex biomarker for fetal T exposure.
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Registered trials
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