ArticleDifferentiation; research in biological diversity2012
Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive/dependent upon androgens and/or estrogens.
Article in Differentiation; research in biological diversity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting the dual role of androgens and oestrogens in mammalian sex differentiation with a focus on genitalia.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Sex and the Developmental Environment Shape Molecular Networks Underlying Bronchial Responsiveness in Mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- A visualization system for erectile vascular dynamics.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models.Research and reports in urology · 2020Review
- A critical role for estrogen signaling in penis development.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2019Article
- Phenotypic plasticity in genitalia: baculum shape responds to sperm competition risk in house mice.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- Mouse hypospadias: A critical examination and definition.Differentiation; research in biological diversity · 2016Article
- Timing of androgen receptor disruption and estrogen exposure underlies a spectrum of congenital penile anomalies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- An illustrated anatomical ontology of the developing mouse lower urogenital tract.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2015Article
- Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models.Nature reviews. Urology · 2015Review
- Sexual differentiation in the male and female mouse from days 0 to 21: a detailed and novel morphometric description.The Journal of urology · 2013Article
- Analysis of the effect of estrogen/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol-treated mice.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2013Article
- Molecular mechanisms of development of the human fetal female reproductive tract.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- New insights into human female reproductive tract development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Development of the human prostate.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Development of the human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Diethylstilbestrol-induced mouse hypospadias: "window of susceptibility".Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Reproductive tract biology: Of mice and men.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Renal Subcapsular xenografing of human fetal external genital tissue - A new model for investigating urethral development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Estrogens and development of the mouse and human external genitalia.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive morphologic analysis of developing mouse external genitalia (ExG) and to determine specific sexual differentiation features that are responsive to androgens or estrogens. To eliminate sex steroid signaling postnatally, male and female mice were gonadectomized on the day of birth, and then injected intraperitoneally every other day with DES (200 ng/g), DHT (1 μg/g), or oil. On day-10 postnatal male and female ExG were dissected, fixed, embedded, serially sectioned and analyzed. We identified 10 sexually dimorphic anatomical features indicative of normal penile and clitoral differentiation in intact mice. Several (but not all) penile features were impaired or abolished as a result of neonatal castration. Those penile features remaining after neonatal castration were completely abolished with attendant clitoral development in androgen receptor (AR) mutant male mice (X(Tfm)/Y and X/Y AR-null) in which AR signaling is absent both pre- and postnatally. Administration of DHT to neonatally castrated males restored development of all 10 masculine features to almost normal levels. Neonatal ovariectomy of female mice had little effect on clitoral development, whereas treatment of ovariectomized female mice with DHT induced partial masculinization of the clitoris. Administration of DES to neonatally gonadectomized male and female mice elicited a spectrum of development abnormalities. These studies demonstrate that the presence or absence of androgen prenatally specifies penile versus clitoral identity. Differentiated penile features emerge postnatally and are sensitive to and dependent upon prenatal or pre- and postnatal androgen. Emergence of differentiated clitoral features occurs postnatally in either intact or ovariectomized females. It is likely that each penile and clitoral feature has a unique time-course of hormonal dependency/sensitivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.