ArticleNature biotechnology2012
Polyethyleneimine is a potent mucosal adjuvant for viral glycoprotein antigens.
Article in Nature biotechnology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 233 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- The polymeric nanovectors landscape for cancer immunotherapies towards advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs).Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Label-Free Plasmon-Waveguide Resonance Analysis of Mucin Network Remodeling by Cationic Polymers.ACS measurement science au · 2026Article
- Enzyme Co-Immobilization on Precipitated Silica for Sustainable Lactobionic Acid Production.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Advances in Polyethyleneimine-Derived Nanoformulations.Small science · 2026Review
- A Novel PLGA-based nano-adjuvant augments mucosal and systemic immunity in chicks through intestinal targeting and IgA production.Poultry science · 2026Article
- STING Mediates Microglial Polarization to Promote Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy-Related Cognitive Dysfunction.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Mucosal Adjuvants for Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant RSV Prefusion F Protein.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Chemical priming potentiates mesothelin-targeting chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK-92 antitumor activity by improving tumor trafficking and cytotoxic killing dynamics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology for immuno-oncology.Nature cancer · 2025Review
- Maltodextrin-modified lipoplexes for enhanced mucosal penetration and efficient mRNA delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Integrated Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: Current Progress and Future Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Keeping it local: how CD8 TRMs regulate viral and cancer immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Article
- Mannose/stearyl chloride doubly functionalized polyethylenimine as a nucleic acid vaccine carrier to promote macrophage uptake.Drug delivery · 2024Article
- Emerging Cationic Nanovaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Protection against mucosally transmitted infections probably requires immunity at the site of pathogen entry, yet there are no mucosal adjuvant formulations licensed for human use. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) represents a family of organic polycations used as nucleic acid transfection reagents in vitro and DNA vaccine delivery vehicles in vivo. Here we show that diverse PEI forms have potent mucosal adjuvant activity for viral subunit glycoprotein antigens. A single intranasal administration of influenza hemagglutinin or herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D with PEI elicited robust antibody-mediated protection from an otherwise lethal infection, and was superior to existing experimental mucosal adjuvants. PEI formed nanoscale complexes with antigen, which were taken up by antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo, promoted dendritic cell trafficking to draining lymph nodes and induced non-proinflammatory cytokine responses. PEI adjuvanticity required release of host double-stranded DNA that triggered Irf3-dependent signaling. PEI therefore merits further investigation as a mucosal adjuvant for human use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.