ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2012
Detecting and exploiting etiologic heterogeneity in epidemiologic studies.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Can We Interpret Analyses of Etiologic Heterogeneity When Molecular Markers Are Used to Classify Tumors?Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Design of a Location-Based Case-Control Study of Built Environment Risk Factors for Pedestrian Fatalities in the U.S.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Primary Care Asthma Attack Prediction Models for Adults: A Systematic Review of Reported Methodologies and Outcomes.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2024Review
- Improve the model of disease subtype heterogeneity by leveraging external summary data.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Utility of Continuous Disease Subtyping Systems for Improved Evaluation of Etiologic Heterogeneity.Cancers · 2022Article
- Validity of a method for identifying disease subtypes that are etiologically heterogeneous.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Article
- A framework for transcriptome-wide association studies in breast cancer in diverse study populations.Genome biology · 2020Article
- Metallic air pollutants and breast cancer heterogeneity.Environmental research · 2019Article
- A comparison of statistical methods for the study of etiologic heterogeneity.Statistics in medicine · 2017Article
- A Multinomial Regression Approach to Model Outcome Heterogeneity.American journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Defining Cancer Subtypes With Distinctive Etiologic Profiles: An Application to the Epidemiology of Melanoma.Journal of the American Statistical Association · 2017Article
- Statistical methods for studying disease subtype heterogeneity.Statistics in medicine · 2016Article
- Integration of molecular pathology, epidemiology and social science for global precision medicine.Expert review of molecular diagnostics · 2016Review
- Identifying Etiologically Distinct Sub-Types of Cancer: A Demonstration Project Involving Breast Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2015Article
- Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2015Article
- A robust association test for detecting genetic variants with heterogeneous effects.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2015Article
- Review
- Analysis of Multivariate Disease Classification Data in the Presence of Partially Missing Disease Traits.Journal of biometrics & biostatistics · 2014Article
- A conceptual and methodological framework for investigating etiologic heterogeneity.Statistics in medicine · 2013Article
- Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Contemporary searches for new risk factors frequently involve genome-wide explorations of very large numbers of candidate risk variants. Given that diseases can often be classified into subtypes that possess evidence of etiologic heterogeneity, the question arises as to whether or not a search for new risk factors would be improved by looking separately within subtypes. Etiologic risk heterogeneity inevitably increases the signal in at least one of the subtypes, but this advantage may be offset by smaller sample sizes and the increased chances of false discovery. In this article, the authors show that only a relatively modest degree of etiologic heterogeneity is necessary for the subtyping strategies to have improved statistical power. In practice, effective exploitation of etiologic heterogeneity requires strong evidence that the subtypes selected are likely to exhibit substantial heterogeneity. Further, defining the subtypes that demonstrate the most heterogeneous profiles is important for optimizing the search for new risk factors. The concepts are illustrated by using data from a breast cancer study in which results are available separately for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and -negative (ER-) tumors.
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