ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2012
Remodeling the host environment: modulation of the gastric epithelium by the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA).
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity.Infection · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical relevance of the cagA and vacA s1m1 status and antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- The association between vacA or cagA status and eradication outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Internalization ofAnnals of medicine · 2026Review
- Advances inOncology letters · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial Stress inAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Saucerneol D Suppresses the Growth ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- The application of organoids in investigating immune evasion in the microenvironment of gastric cancer and screening novel drug candidates.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Vacuolating Cytotoxin A (VacA) and Extracellular Vesicles inIranian journal of pathology · 2025Review
- Taurine modulates host cell responses toInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Association between dietary niacin intake and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in US adults: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2024Article
- There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of theMembranes · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori genotypes: cagA, vacA (m1), vacA (s1), babA2, dupA, iceA1, oipA and their association with gastrointestinal diseases. A cross-sectional study in Quito-Ecuador.BMC gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Bacterial Infections and Cancer: Exploring This Association And Its Implications for Cancer Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cell lipid biology in infections: an overview.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease: Responses to Helicobacter pylori Metabolism and Impact in Gastric Cancer Development.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Linking dysbiosis to precancerous stomach through inflammation: Deeper than and beyond imaging.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Helicobacter pylori Infection, Its Laboratory Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance: a Perspective of Clinical Relevance.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2022Review
- Functional Properties of Oligomeric and Monomeric Forms of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Delineation of the pH-Responsive Regulon Controlled by the Helicobacter pylori ArsRS Two-Component System.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Virulence mechanisms underlying Helicobacter pylori persistence and disease remain poorly understood, in part, because the factors underlying disease risk are multifactorial and complex. Among the bacterial factors that contribute to the cumulative pathophysiology associated with H. pylori infections, the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is one of the most important. Analogous to a number of H. pylori genes, the vacA gene exhibits allelic mosaicism, and human epidemiological studies have revealed that several families of toxin alleles are predictive of more severe disease. Animal model studies suggest that VacA may contribute to pathogenesis in several ways. VacA functions as an intracellular-acting protein exotoxin. However, VacA does not fit the current prototype of AB intracellular-acting bacterial toxins, which elaborate modulatory effects through the action of an enzymatic domain translocated inside host cells. Rather, VacA may represent an alternative prototype for AB intracellular acting toxins that modulate cellular homeostasis by forming ion-conducting intracellular membrane channels. Although VacA seems to form channels in several different membranes, one of the most important target sites is the mitochondrial inner membrane. VacA apparently take advantage of an unusual intracellular trafficking pathway to mitochondria, where the toxin is imported and depolarizes the inner membrane to disrupt mitochondrial dynamics and cellular energy homeostasis as a mechanism for engaging the apoptotic machinery within host cells. VacA remodeling of the gastric environment appears to be fine-tuned through the action of the Type IV effector protein CagA which, in part, limits the cytotoxic effects of VacA in cells colonized by H. pylori.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.