ArticleJournal of radiation research2012
Augmentation of natural cytotoxicity by chronic low-dose ionizing radiation in murine natural killer cells primed by IL-2.
Article in Journal of radiation research, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunological Reprogramming by Radiation Therapy: Implications for Precision Cancer Treatment.Immunology · 2026Review
- Dose-Dependent Dual Effects of Gradient Ionizing Radiation on Neurocognition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cancer Immunotherapy in Combination with Radiotherapy and/or Chemotherapy: Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy.MedComm · 2025Review
- Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Male Reproductive Immunity: Elucidating Subtle Modulations and Long-Term Health Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Radiotherapy as salvage therapy and an adjunct to immunotherapy: exploring local and abscopal mechanisms to overcome immunotherapy resistance: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Review
- Enhancing immunotherapy efficacy with synergistic low-dose radiation in metastatic melanoma: current insights and prospects.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- The impact of low-dose gamma radiation on immune modulation in a mouse model of spontaneous mammary gland tumorigenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Synergistic treatment strategy: combining CAR-NK cell therapy and radiotherapy to combat solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- Application of individualized multimodal radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy in metastatic tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Internal Radiation on Immune-Stimulatory Responses in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system.Environment international · 2021Review
- Radium-223 dichloride causes transient changes in natural killer cell population and cytotoxic function.International journal of radiation biology · 2021Article
- Effects of Radiation on the Tumor Microenvironment.Seminars in radiation oncology · 2020Review
- Immunomodulation of NK Cells by Ionizing Radiation.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Review
- Irradiated Tumor Fibroblasts Avoid Immune Recognition and Retain Immunosuppressive Functions Over Natural Killer Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Radiation effects on antitumor immune responses: current perspectives and challenges.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2018Review
- Immune recognition of irradiated cancer cells.Immunological reviews · 2017Review
- Cancer immunotherapy: how low-level ionizing radiation can play a key role.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2017Review
- Hormetic Response to Low-Dose Radiation: Focus on the Immune System and Its Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The possible beneficial effects of chronic low-dose irradiation (LDR) and its mechanism of action in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cancer are a subject of intense investigation. While animal studies involving long-term exposure to LDR have yielded encouraging results, the influence of LDR at the cellular level has been less well defined. We reasoned that since natural killer (NK) cells constitute an early responder to exogenous stress, NK cells may reveal sentinel alterations in function upon exposure to LDR. When purified NK cells received LDR at 4.2 mGy/h for a total of 0.2 Gy in vitro, no significant difference in cell viability was observed. Likewise, no functional changes were detected in LDR-exposed NK cells, demonstrating that LDR alone was insufficient to generate changes at the cellular level. Nonetheless, significant augmentation of cytotoxic, but not proliferative, function was detected when NK cells were stimulated with low-dose IL-2 prior to irradiation. This enhancement of NK cytotoxicity was not due to alterations in NK-activating receptors, NK1.1, NKG2D, CD69 and 2B4, or changes in the rate of early or late apoptosis. Therefore, LDR, in the presence of suboptimal cytokine levels, can facilitate anti-tumor cytotoxicity of NK cells without influencing cellular proliferation or apoptosis. Whether these results translate to in vivo consequences remains to be seen; however, our data provide initial evidence that exposure to LDR can lead to subtle immune-enhancing effects on NK cells and may explain, in part, the functional basis underlying, diverse beneficial effects seen in the animals chronically exposed to LDR.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.