ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2012
A sustained decline in postmenopausal hormone use: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and incidence risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- A splicing variant of TERT identified by GWAS interacts with menopausal estrogen therapy in risk of ovarian cancer.International journal of cancer · 2016Pooled it
- Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer in Korean Women: A Quantitative Systematic Review.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2015Pooled it
- A comprehensive evaluation of interaction between genetic variants and use of menopausal hormone therapy on mammographic density.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2015Pooled it
- Body mass index and breast cancer risk according to postmenopausal estrogen-progestin use and hormone receptor status.Epidemiologic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- A genome-wide association study to identify genetic susceptibility loci that modify ductal and lobular postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with menopausal hormone therapy use: a two-stage design with replication.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2013Pooled it
- A phase 2b, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-ranging study of the neurokinin 3 receptor antagonist fezolinetant for vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Pharmacokinetic studies of solubilized estradiol given vaginally in a novel softgel capsule.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2016Trial
- Baseline characteristics of participants in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL).Contemporary clinical trials · 2016Trial
- Female sexual function improved with ospemifene in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2015Trial
- Sexual function in women on estradiol or venlafaxine for hot flushes: a randomized controlled trial.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2014Trial
- Efficacy of yoga for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2014Trial
- The mortality toll of estrogen avoidance: an analysis of excess deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years.American journal of public health · 2013Trial
- Social Media and Supplements for Menopausal Symptoms: A Content Analysis.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Observational
- Insurance Type and Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use Among US Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Bazedoxifene and Beyond: Identifying This SERM's Targets and Deciphering Its Molecular Mechanisms.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveShort-term declines in postmenopausal hormone use were observed after the Women's Health Initiative trial results in 2002. Although concerns about the trial's generalizability have been expressed, long-term trends in hormone use in a nationally representative sample have not been reported. We sought to evaluate national trends in the prevalence of hormone use and to assess variation by type of formulation and patient characteristics.
methodsWe examined postmenopausal hormone use during 1999-2010 using cross-sectional data from 10,107 women aged 40 years and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
resultsIn 1999-2000, the prevalence of oral postmenopausal hormone use was 22.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.0-25.8) overall, 13.3% (95% CI 11.0-15.5) for estrogen only, and 8.3% (95% CI 6.2-10.4) for estrogen plus progestin. A sharp decline in use of all formulations occurred in 2003-2004, when the overall prevalence decreased to 11.9% (95% CI 9.6-14.2). This decline was initially limited to non-Hispanic whites; use among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics did not decline substantially until 2005-2006. Hormone use continued to decline through 2009-2010 across all patient demographic groups, with the current prevalence now at 4.7% (95% CI 3.3-6.1) overall, 2.7% (95% CI 1.9-3.4) for estrogen only, and 1.7% (95% CI 0.7-2.7) for estrogen plus progestin. Patient characteristics currently associated with hormone use include history of hysterectomy, non-Hispanic white race or ethnicity, and income.
conclusionPostmenopausal hormone use in the United States has declined in a sustained fashion to low levels across a wide variety of patient subgroups.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.