ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2012
High rate of qacA- and qacB-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from chlorhexidine-impregnated catheter-related bloodstream infections.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electroporation of pLI50 harboring qacA or qacB increases chlorhexidine minimal inhibitory concentrations in transformed Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparative Effects of Intermittent vs. Constant Ceftiofur Hydrochloride Exposure onAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Implementation of 2% Chlorhexidine Bathing to Reduce Healthcare-Associated Infections Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Cryo-EM structure of antibacterial efflux transporter QacA from Staphylococcus aureus reveals a novel extracellular loop with allosteric role.The EMBO journal · 2023Article
- Towards a Harmonized Terminology: A Glossary for Biocide Susceptibility Testing.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Clinical impact of and microbiological risk factors for qacA/B positivity in ICU-acquired ST5-methicillin-resistant SCCmec type II Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Increasing usage of chlorhexidine in health care settings: blessing or curse? A narrative review of the risk of chlorhexidine resistance and the implications for infection prevention and control.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Review
- Cartography of opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in a tertiary hospital environment.Nature medicine · 2020Article
- Uncovering hidden antimicrobial resistance patterns within the hospital microbiome.Nature medicine · 2020Article
- The potential for developing new antimicrobial resistance from the use of medical devices containing chlorhexidine, minocycline, rifampicin and their combinations: a systematic review.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2020Review
- Article
- Clinical and Molecular Characteristics ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Article
- Distribution ofInfection and drug resistance · 2018Article
- Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare, agriculture and the environment: the biochemistry behind the headlines.Essays in biochemistry · 2017Review
- Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to subinhibitory levels of oxacillin and levofloxacin.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
- Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Extremely high prevalence of antiseptic resistant Quaternary Ammonium Compound E gene among clinical isolates of multiple drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Malaysia.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2015Article
- Multidrug efflux pumps from Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Review
- In vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel compound, Mul-1867, against clinically important bacteria.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2015Article
- Relationship between the resistance genes to quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from surgical site infections.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorhexidine has been widely used for infection control. Although the use of chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters has reduced catheter-related infections, chlorhexidine-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has emerged. The correlation between the existence of the chlorhexidine-resistant genes qacA and qacB (qacA/B) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and the effectiveness of chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters in the prevention of MRSA infections is unknown. Sixty methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 96 MRSA isolates from the blood cultures of different patients were collected, and a case-control study was conducted to determine whether more clinical S. aureus isolates from chlorhexidine-impregnated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) have the biocide-resistant genes (qacA/B or smr) than those from other infections. The chlorhexidine MIC(50)s of MSSA and MRSA isolates were 1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively. Results of PCR analyses showed that 3.3% (n = 2) of MSSA and 43.8% (n = 42) of MRSA isolates harbored qacA/B and 5% (n = 3) of MSSA and 25% (n = 24) of MRSA isolates contained smr. With multivariate logistic regression analyses, the significant risk factors for definite CRBSI with chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters were determined to be S. aureus isolates with qacA/B and a chlorhexidine MIC of ≥2 μg/ml (odds ratios [OR], 9.264 and 8.137, respectively, in all 156 S. aureus isolates and 6.097 and 4.373, respectively, in the 96 MRSA isolates). Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the transmission of these biocide-resistant genes.
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